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1 copyright cmassengale
Classification 18-1 Finding Order in Diversity copyright cmassengale

2 18-1 Finding Order in Diversity
Natural selection and other processes have led to a staggering diversity of organisms. Biologists have identified and named about 1.5 million species so far. They estimate that 2–100 million additional species have yet to be discovered. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

3 What is Classification?
Why Classify? What is Classification? Copy Classification is the arrangement of organisms into orderly groups based on their similarities (recently with DNA) Also know as taxonomy: scientists classify organisms and assign each organism a universally accepted name. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

4 Benefits of Classifying
Accurately & uniformly names organisms Prevents misnomers such as starfish & jellyfish that aren't really fish Uses same language (Latin or some Greek) for all names Sea”horse”?? copyright cmassengale

5 Confusion in Using Different Languages for Names
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6 Latin Names are Understood by all Taxonomists
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Carolus Linnaeus 1707 – 1778 Copy Called the “Father of Taxonomy” Classified organisms by their structure Developed naming system still used today copyright cmassengale

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Standardized Naming Copy Binomial nomenclature: Two-word naming system (Genus & species) Latin or Greek Italicized in print Capitalize genus, but NOT species Turdus migratorius American Robin copyright cmassengale

9 Binomial Nomenclature
Which TWO are more closely related? copyright cmassengale

10 Classification Groups
Copy Taxon ( taxa-plural) is a category into which related organisms are placed There is a hierarchy of groups (taxa) from broadest to most specific Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, species copyright cmassengale

11 Hierarchy-Taxonomic Groups
Domain Kingdom Phylum (Division – used for plants) Class Order Family Genus Species BROADEST TAXON Genus and species are the two names used to identify specific organisms in the binomial system of classification. Division is used for plants. Most Specific copyright cmassengale

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King Phillip Came Over For Good Spaghetti! copyright cmassengale

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Domains Broadest, most inclusive taxon Three domains Archaea and Bacteria are unicellular prokaryotes (no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles) Eukarya are more complex and have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles copyright cmassengale

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ARCHAEA Kingdom - ARCHAEBACTERIA Probably the 1st cells to evolve Live in HARSH environments Found in: Sewage Treatment Plants (Methanogens) Thermal or Volcanic Vents (Thermophiles) Hot Springs or Geysers that are acid Very salty water (Dead Sea; Great Salt Lake) - Halophiles copyright cmassengale

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ARCHAEAN copyright cmassengale

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BACTERIA Kingdom - EUBACTERIA Prokaryotes Cell walls with peptidoglycan Unicellular Autotrophs(makes its own food) or Heterotrophs(get it’s own food) Examples: E. Coli,Streptococcous Some may cause DISEASE Found in ALL HABITATS except harsh ones Important decomposers for environment Commercially important in making cottage cheese, yogurt, buttermilk, etc. copyright cmassengale

18 Live in the intestines of animals copyright cmassengale

19 Domain Eukarya is Divided into Kingdoms
Protista (protozoans, algae…) Fungi (mushrooms, yeasts …) Plantae (multicellular plants) Animalia (multicellular animals) copyright cmassengale

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Protista Most are unicellular Some are multicellular Some are autotrophic, while others are heterotrophic Aquatic copyright cmassengale

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Fungi Multicellular, except yeast Absorptive heterotrophs (digest food outside their body & then absorb it) Cell walls made of chitin copyright cmassengale

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Plantae Multicellular Autotrophic Absorb sunlight to make glucose – Photosynthesis Cell walls made of cellulose Growth, with increases in size and number of cells, is part of development. Development involves many stages from conception until death. copyright cmassengale

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Animalia Multicellular Ingestive heterotrophs (consume food & digest it inside their bodies) Feed on plants or animals copyright cmassengale

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25 31 The kingdom Animalia includes all of these except
A jellyfish B sponges C amoebas D roundworms

26 32 This organism most likely is a member of which kingdom?
F Eubacteria G Protista H Animalia J Plantae

27 copyright cmassengale
Taxons Most genera contain a number of similar species The genus Homo is an exception (only contains modern humans) Classification is based on evolutionary relationships copyright cmassengale

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29 Basis for Modern Taxonomy
Homologous structures (same structure, different function) Similar embryo development Molecular Similarity in DNA, RNA, or amino acid sequence of Proteins copyright cmassengale

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Homologous Structures (BONES in the FORELIMBS) shows Similarities in mammals. copyright cmassengale

31 Similarities in Vertebrate Embryos
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32 copyright cmassengale
Cladogram Diagram showing how organisms are related based on shared, derived characteristics such as feathers, hair, or scales copyright cmassengale

33 copyright cmassengale
Primate Cladogram copyright cmassengale

34 copyright cmassengale
Dichotomous Keying Used to identify organisms Characteristics given in pairs Read both characteristics and either go to another set of characteristics OR identify the organism copyright cmassengale

35 Example of Dichotomous Key
1a Tentacles present – Go to 2 1b Tentacles absent – Go to 3 2a Eight Tentacles – Octopus 2b More than 8 tentacles – 3 3a Tentacles hang down – go to 4 3b Tentacles upright–Sea Anemone 4a Balloon-shaped body–Jellyfish 4b Body NOT balloon-shaped - 5 copyright cmassengale

36 12 The bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana, is most closely related to the —
F spotted chorus frog, Pseudacris clarki G Asian flying frog, Polypedates leucomystax H northern leopard frog, Rana pipiens J African bullfrog, Pyxicephalus adspersus

37 The Genus (first word is sometimes written as just one letter)
Examples: Homo sapien Canus lupus Escherichia coli H. sapien C. lupus E. coli

38 33 Which of the following is the most specific group used to classify organisms?
A Kingdom B Class C Genus D Order

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