Different World’s Meet THE FIRST AMERICANS

A. Native Americans 1. Migration from Asia a. Across Land Bridge (Beringia)during last Ice Age 1. Earth had an Ice Age-period of time when temperatures on Earth were very cold a. Northern half of world covered with glaciers-large, slow-moving sheets of ice b. Oceans froze, exposing a strip of land (ocean floor) that connected Asia with North America

c. Animal herds (bison, mammoths, caribou) crossed it- looked for grazing areas d. Asian hunters, needed animals for meat, followed the herds and stayed 2. Living in Americas a. Hunter-gatherers- first Americans hunted for the meat- learned to gather roots, berries, nuts,etc. 1. Made tools and weapons out of stone, wood, and bone 2. Archeologists –scientists who search for traces of people in the past, believe the hunter- gatherers migrated throughout North/South America

ANCIENT MIGRATING HERDS MAMMOTH BISON CARIBOU

b. Ice Age ends 1. Land bridge covered by water 2. Large animals became extinct or died out 3. Hunter-gatherers learned to hunt smaller animals, fish a. began to settle down into permanent areas b. Some began to farm-grew maize (corn) 3. Early Cultures a. Culture- total way of life a people follow to satisfy their needs and wants 1. Three major cultures from 2,000 years ago

Early tools and weapons used by the hunter-gatherers

A. Anasazi - “Ancient Ones” in Navajo language 1. cliff dwellers –built their houses on the walls of canyons/on cliffs B. Hohokam – called the Canal Builders 1. lived in desert area called the Tucson Basin a. lived in “pit houses” in villages 1. built irrigation canals C. Moundbuilders 1. Settled in Midwest and Southeast America a. The Mississippian Culture -also known as the Temple Mound Builders 1. built the first cities in North America a. Cahokia- their biggest village

Anasazi cliff dwellings

Anasazi Pueblo ADOBE BRICK

Hohokam irrigation Ancient irrigation canals outside Phoenix airport

HOHOKAM PIT HOUSE

CAHOKIA

4.Cultures of the North American Geographic Areas a. nations -different groups of Native Americans 1. Similarities – people in each nation usually spoke same language and shared cultural traits, had several leaders who made decisions 2. Beliefs –most nations believed in the power of spirits found in nature a. Shamans –religious leaders

b. Cultures 1. Artic and Subartic a. Igloos- houses made of ice blocks b. kayaks- used small boats made of skins for fishing and travel 2. Northwest Fishermen a. lived in Pacific Northwest-fished b. totem poles-tall wooden posts with carvings c. potlatches –feasts where wealthy host family gave valuable gifts to members of the community

3. The Plateau or Intermontane (between mountains) a. between Cascade and Rocky Mountains 4. Great Basin a. dry, desert area 5. Southwest a. The Pueblo nation-lived in adobe houses- sun- dried brick 6. The Plains a. lived across the Great Plains b. buffalo –major source of everything to them (food, clothes, tools)

TOTEM POLES

People arriving to a potlatch. Potlatch Ceremonial Drum

ALUETS Inuits IGLOO

7. Southeast a. most densely-populated- Cherokee, Seminole, Natchez b. Women had a higher standing in these cultures 8. Eastern Woodlands-Iroquois and Algonquin a. Iroquois League –five nations fought until a Mohawk leader, Hiawatha, suggested they join together-formed the first true representative government in North America-the Iroquois League

Hiawatha Pueblo Taos, New Mexico

5. Empires of the South a. created civilizations –group of people with an culture 1. has some form of writing, government, religion, cities and social classes a. specialized workers – those who only do one kind of work EX: Jewelry maker A. Mayan Empire (present day Mexico and Central America) 1. Skilled farmers –built terraces (leveled off strips of land) – to farm on hillsides

2. Master builders- cities were tall pyramids built of limestone blocks- temples on top for religious ceremonies 3. Astrologers and mathematicians- priests studied the stars, created two calendars, and a number system with the number zero. a. Hieroglyphs –system of writing using symbols or pictures B. Aztec Empire 1. wanderers that settled on an island in Tenochtitlan (Mexico City)

Mayan Alphabet Mayan Hieroglyphs

Mayan Numbers Mayan Calendar Mayan Pyramid TERRACE FARMING

a.Causeways- raised highways over water connected city to mainland b.aqueducts –channels or big pipes for flowing freshwater from the mountains- also created chinampas-floating gardens c. conquered many people-forced them to pay a Tribute-a tax that could be paid in goods C. Incas Empire 1. Largest empire in South America a. conquered peaceful means unlike Aztec warriors 2. Cuzco- capital city high in the Andes 3. Created 10,000 mile of road to connect all Incans

Aztec Empire Chinampas-Floating gardens Tenochtitlan Aqueducts

Tenochtitlan and its causeways MONTEZUMA II and Hernan Cortes

CUSCO INCAN RULER Cusco Wall TERRACE F ARMING

INCA ROADS INCAN SUSPENSION BRIDGES