Environmental Controls Lecture 5 Electrical Power Management Utility Rate Structures Lecture 5 Electrical Power Management Utility Rate Structures

Environmental Controls Electrical Power Management

“Facts of Life” Utilities are licensed to provide sufficient capacity to maintain expected demands New power plants are expensive to license and construct Nuclear Hydroelectric Natural Gas Oil Coal All pose safety concerns to humans or the environment

Sources of Electrical Power Coal51 Nuclear20 Natural Gas17 Water7 Petroleum3 Other 2 Total100%

Future Sources of Electrical Power Coal38 Nuclear15 Natural Gas23 Water-- Petroleum6 Other 18 Total100%

Emerging Technologies/Strategies Supply Side Management Wind Photovoltaics Tidal Biomass: “Waste to Energy” Demand Side Management Conservation vs New Construction Design Practice Initiatives Design Certifications Stewardship of the Built Environment

Supply Side Management Wind

Supply Side Management Photovoltaics

Supply Side Management Biomass: “Waste to Energy”

Supply Side Management Tidal

Demand Side Management Conservation instead of New Construction

Demand Side Management Consumption Control: More efficient lamps More efficient motors More efficient appliances Controls (occupancy sensors, etc.)

Demand Side Management Demand Control: Manual (timers, management) Automated (EMS, BAS, PC) Loads: Sheddable Non-sheddable S: F p.1157

Utility Incentives: Time of Day Rates: load shifting Demand Reduction Rebates: demand limiting Equipment Rebates: consumption reduction Contract Renegotiation: cost reduction Demand Side Management UM Hospital, Ann Arbor MI AKA Associates, 1988

Industry Incentives: Partnering Energy Codes Tax Credits “Green Lights” program Demand Side Management UM Hospital, Ann Arbor MI AKA Associates, 1988

Design Certifications: LEED Energy Star Green Globes Design Practice Initiatives Phillip Merrill Environmental Center, Annapolis MD SmithGroup, 2000

Stewardship of the Built Environment =Historic Preservation + Sustainability Conserves resources Reduces material streams Revitalizes neighborhoods Maintains “sense of place” Increases livability Design Practice Initiatives Big-D Construction Headquarters, Salt Lake City, UT GSBS, st LEED “GOLD” building in Utah

Environmental Controls Utility Rate Structures

Billing Components Connection Charge Consumption Demand Power Factor S: F p. 1157

Utility Rate Structures Block Rate $X 1 for first Y 1 kwh $X 2 for next Y 2 kwh … Energy Charge $X per kwh

Utility Rate Structures Ratchet Clause Charge to insure capacity based on previous peak demand PEAK DEMAND AVG DEMAND

Utility Rate Structures Time of Day Rates $X 1 /kwh for on peak hours $X 2 /kwh for off peak hours … Uninterruptible Power Supply

Example Large General Service Rate $11.25/month service connection Demand charge: $9.72/kw Energy charge:$0.0682/kwh first 200 kwh $0.0632/kwh for remainder Ratchet clause: 11 month

Example Previous 11 month peak demand: 25 KW MonthKwhKW

Example Previous 11 month peak demand: 25 KW MonthKwhKW w/o ratchet $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $3,324.27

Example Previous 11 month peak demand: 25 KW MonthKwhKW w/o ratchet w/ratchet $351.25$ $269.07$ $252.39$ $358.05$ $390.37$ $232.32$ $253.03$ $199.37$ $224.50$ $255.55$ $263.38$ $274.99$ $3,324.27$4, %