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DNA, RNA, to Protein

So far, we have discussed DNA  DNA This was called _______________. The basic idea is that we are copying the DNA.

Summarize the process of DNA Replication.

How does DNA store hereditary information?????

DNA stores all of the instructions needed to make all of the proteins in an organism.  Its makes you, who you physically are!!!!

The Flow of genetic information in cells: DNA  RNA  protein Location: Nucleus nucleus to cytoplasm cytoplasm

What is RNA?? – A nucleic acid STRUCTURE – Single stranded – Sugar is ribose – Nitrogen bases Adenine – Uracil Cytosine – Guanine Journal: How is RNA structurally different from DNA?

What are some differences between RNA and DNA? RNADNA 1.Sugar is ribose 2.One strand 3.Uracil 4.Can be found in the nucleus or the cytoplasm 1.Sugar is deoxyribose 2.Two strands 3.Thymine 4.Can only be found in the nucleus

3 types of RNA 1.mRNA (messenger RNA) – Sends information from DNA in the nucleus to the cytoplasm 2.rRNA (ribosomal RNA) – Assembles the amino acids to make proteins 3.tRNA (transfer RNA) – Delivers amino acids to the ribosome

What is Protein Synthesis and where does it take place? The making of proteins and it takes place on the ribosomes

DNA  RNA  protein step 1 step 2 Step 1: Transcription - DNA to RNA Step 2: Translation- RNA to Proteins

Step 1: Transcription The process of creating an RNA copy from DNA Where does Transcription take place? The nucleus

How does Transcription happen? 1.In the nucleus, enzymes unzip a part of DNA that is to be transcribed 2.RNA nucleotides that are complementary to the DNA strand pair up. 3.The RNA nucleotides bond to each other creating a single strand 4.The RNA breaks away and heads for the cytoplasm 5.The DNA zips back up.

RNA Processing Not all parts of DNA carry information (give direction for making protein) Introns: Non-coding parts of DNA Exons: Coding parts of DNA New RNA contains both parts, Introns and Exons, but the Intron are removed before the mRNA leaves the nucleus! (This is RNA Processing)

The mRNA message Codon: group of 3 nucleotides in mRNA that codes for 1 amino acid. What does the RNA codon AUG code for?

Step 2: Translation The process of converting the mRNA message into an amino acid sequence (protein) Where does Translation take place? On ribosomes in the cytoplasm

What joins the amino acids together to form a protein? A peptide bond joins amino acids to make a polypeptide chain.

Where do the amino acids come from floating in the cytosol of our cells? The food we eat (proteins)

What are some important proteins that we make? Functional Proteins 1.Hemoglobin -found in our red blood cells; function in carrying oxygen 2.Antibodies -help fight off viruses and bacteria that invade the body. 3.Enzymes -control chemical reactions in the body.

What are some important proteins that we make? Structural Proteins 1.Keratin -water proofing protein on our skin. 2.Actin and Myosin -proteins which make up our muscles 3.Collagen- found in cartilage and other connective tissue

Journal What are the DNA to RNA base paring rules???? DNA to RNA A  U T  A C  G G  C

Transcription/ Translation Practice Transcribe the DNA to RNA Translate the resulting RNA sequence into the amino acid sequence DNA: TAC AAA GCT TCA GGC CCT GAT ATC mRNA: AUG Amino Acids:

Transcription/ Translation Practice Transcribe the DNA to RNA Translate the resulting RNA sequence into the amino acid sequence DNA: TAC AAA GCT TCA GGC CCT GAT ATC mRNA: AUG Amino Acids: MET

Transcription/ Translation Prcatice Transcribe the DNA to RNA Translate the resulting RNA sequence into the amino acid sequence DNA: TAC AAA GCT TCA GGC CCT GAT ATC mRNA: AUG UUU CGA AGU CCG GGA CUA UAG Amino Acids: Met Phe Arg Ser Pro Gly Lue Stop

Time to practice!!!!