2. RIBONUCLEIC ACID (RNA) HOW IS RNA DIFFERENT FROM DNA??HOW IS RNA DIFFERENT FROM DNA??

3. Let’s review DNA Contains the sugar DEOXYRibose ADENINEADENINE pairs with Thymine GUANINE pairs with Cytosine Double Stranded

4. RNA is different from DNA… Contains the sugar Ribose UracilUracil Substitutes for Thymine ( A pairs with U) Single Stranded

5. Fill in Your Chart… Differences Between DNA and RNA: DNARNA SUGAR DeoxyriboseRibose NITROGEN BASES A, T, C, GA, Uracil, C, G SHAPE Double HelixSingle Strand

6. DNA = A T T G C A C RNA = U A A C G U G RNA DNARNA is the same structure as DNA, it is rearranged in the complementary order.

7. How is RNA made? Through TRANSCRIPTION! Here’s a Summary: Transcription: RNA is made from DNA to use during protein synthesis. Same process as replication, but only one side of the DNA strand is copied. This occurs in the nucleus. When RNA is made it leaves the nucleus (through pores in the membrane) and the DNA strand zips back up.

8. Why is RNA important? It contains the code from DNA that is needed to make proteins!

9. What are proteins? Organic Compounds that are made from amino acids linked together by covalent, peptide bonds Ex. AA 1 + AA 2 + AA 3 = a protein/ polypeptide

10. Why are Proteins Important? --help build cell organelles (cell membrane) --are used as enzymes to promote reactions --are found in muscles, blood, skin, bones, etc.

11. Three Types of RNA Messenger RNA (mRNA) – transcribes the code from DNA and takes it from the nucleus into the cytoplasm to the ribosome. Transfer RNA(tRNA) – translates the message by transferring amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosomes to the mRNA. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) – structural component of ribosome that binds mRNA and tRNA together; makes up 80% of all RNA in the cell.

12. Protein Synthesis – THE MAKING OF PROTEINS 2 Processes in Protein Synthesis TranscriptionTranscription TranslationTranslation

13. Transcription mRNA copies the code from DNA

14. Transcription DNASegments of DNA are separated by RNA polymerase, one of the strands is used as a template to make the molecule of mRNA DNARNA polymerase adds mRNA nucleotides as it reads the code and binds them with their complementary nucleotides on the DNA TRANSCRIPTION – the details

15. LET’S DO TRANSCRIPTION! DNA DNA = A G C T G A mRNA = U C G A C U

17. TRANSCRIPTION The base sequence in mRNA is a code that enables the mRNA to collect the right amino acids and assemble them in the correct sequence to synthesize a protein. threeCodon: Every combination of three “letters” (nitrogen bases). 1 CODON = 1 AMINO ACID = 3 NUCLEOTIDES

18. what do the codons code for? The genetic code- the correspondence between triplets in DNA and the amino acids in proteins Each amino acid is coded for by 3 mRNA bases arranged in a specific sequence

19. Translation ( t RNA) Translates the mRNA bases into amino acids that will make up a protein. Ribosome attaches to the mRNA tRNA picks up specific amino acids in the cytoplasm and carries them to the mRNA at the ribosomes tRNA contains the anticodon that complements the codon on the mRNA

20. 1.mRNA strand (made of codons) leaves the nucleus, enters cytoplasm, attaches to ribosome TRANSLATION— The Details

21. 2. tRNA molecules pick up amino acids in cytoplasm and carries them to ribosome

22. 3. tRNA anticodon pairs with mRNA codon, joining the two molecules

23. 4. When 2 amino acids are in place a polypeptide bond forms

24. 5.Once an amino acid has joined the chain, the tRNA detaches from the mRNA strand

25. 6. The process continues until a chain of amino acids is formed and stops once a stop codon on the mRNA is reached. 7. The chain of amino acids is called a protein or polypeptide.

26. TRANSLATION ( t RNA) DNA = A T G C T A mRNA = U A C G A U (Codon) tRNA = A U G C U A (Anticodon)

27. Let’s summarize Protein synthesis!

28. TRANSCRIPTION Takes place in the nucleus translation Moves out of nucleus into the cytoplasm & attach to ribosome

29. SUMMARY: 5 Steps of Protein Synthesis 1.Transcription: DNA makes RNA (in the nucleus) 2.RNA now becomes mRNA which will leave the nucleus (take the code to ribosome) 3.mRNA tells ribosomes what proteins to make 4.mRNA attaches to ribosome and forms a pattern (codon) to make a protein 5.tRNA in cytoplasm comes to ribosome. It “translates” the code (codon=three base pairs) and goes and gets the specific amino acid that matches up with the codon. This is the anticodon. When amino acids are combined together (by covalent, peptide bonds) they break off and form the specific protein need by the cell. This part is called Translation.

30. Steps to figure out the genetic code 1.Obtain a DNA Template. (a row of DNA bases) 2.Transcribe DNA into mRNA 3.Translate mRNA into tRNA 4.Use the codons (mRNA) to translate into amino acids

31. Why do some amino acids have more than one code? 4 nucleotide bases, 3 at a time = 4 3 = 64 20 different amino acids and 64 code words, so some AA are specified by more than one code word.

32. let’s practice! DNAATG mRNA (Codon) tRNA Strand (anticodon) Amino Acids UAC AUG Tyrosine

33. More practice needed? DNA= TAC -GAT-GCC-ATC mRNA= ________________ tRNA= ________________ Amino Acids= _________________ AUG -CUA- CGG-UAG UAC -GAU-GCC-AUC START-LEU-ARG-STOP