Introduction: Unifying Themes of Biology Chapter 1

Inquiring About the Natural World Biology is the scientific study of life Evolution is the basic principle of biology Scientific Inquiry is how we approach the study of life

Study of Life Look at the natural world by studying what living things do. Diversity and complexity How things are connected

Evolutionary adaptation Fig. 1-3 Order Response to the environment Evolutionary adaptation Figure 1.3 Some properties of life: Look at how things vary yet are connected. Regulation Reproduction Energy processing Growth and development

Fig. 1-3a Order Figure 1.3 Some properties of life

Fig. 1-3b Figure 1.3 Some properties of life Evolutionary adaptation

Response to the environment Fig. 1-3c Figure 1.3 Some properties of life

Fig. 1-3d Figure 1.3 Some properties of life Reproduction

Growth and development Fig. 1-3e Figure 1.3 Some properties of life Growth and development

Fig. 1-3f Figure 1.3 Some properties of life Energy processing

Fig. 1-3g Figure 1.3 Some properties of life Regulation

Connecting Themes: Big Ideas More than just memorizing details Themes or Big Ideas will help you organize the information.

The Four Big Ideas: Big Idea 1 The process of evolution drives the diversity and unity of life. Makes sense of everything we know about living organisms Unifies biological concepts Answers the how, not the why or who

Cross section of a cilium, as viewed with an electron microscope Fig. 1-16 15 µm 5 µm Cilia of Paramecium Cilia of windpipe cells Figure 1.16 An example of unity underlying the diversity of life: the architecture of cilia in eukaryotes 0.1 µm Cross section of a cilium, as viewed with an electron microscope

Figure 1.15 The three domains of life (a) DOMAIN BACTERIA (b) DOMAIN ARCHAEA (c) DOMAIN EUKARYA Figure 1.15 The three domains of life Protists Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Animalia

Species Genus Family Order Class Phylum Kingdom Domain Fig. 1-14 Species Genus Family Order Class Phylum Kingdom Domain Ursus americanus (American black bear) Ursus Ursidae Carnivora Mammalia Chordata Figure 1.14 Classifying life Animalia Eukarya

The Four Big Ideas: Big Idea 2 Biological Systems utilize free energy and molecular building blocks to grow, to reproduce, and to maintain homeostasis. What are systems? Systems biology – model dynamic behavior of some part of a system

Fig. 1-4c Figure 1.4 Levels of biological organization The biosphere

Fig. 1-4d Figure 1.4 Levels of biological organization Ecosystems

Fig. 1-4e Figure 1.4 Levels of biological organization Communities

Fig. 1-4f Figure 1.4 Levels of biological organization Populations

Fig. 1-4g Figure 1.4 Levels of biological organization Organisms

Organs and organ systems Fig. 1-4h Figure 1.4 Levels of biological organization Organs and organ systems

Fig. 1-4i Figure 1.4 Levels of biological organization Tissues 50 µm

Fig. 1-4j 10 µm Cell Figure 1.4 Levels of biological organization Cells

Fig. 1-4k Figure 1.4 Levels of biological organization 1 µm Organelles

Fig. 1-4l Atoms Figure 1.4 Levels of biological organization Molecules

(a) Wings (b) Bones Infoldings of membrane Mitochondrion (c) Neurons Fig. 1-6 (a) Wings (b) Bones Infoldings of membrane Mitochondrion Figure 1.6 Form fits function in a gull’s wing 100 µm 0.5 µm (c) Neurons (d) Mitochondria

A – Enzyme 1 B D Enzyme 2 D D C Enzyme 3 D Fig. 1-13a A Negative feedback – Enzyme 1 B D Enzyme 2 Excess D blocks a step D D C Figure 1.13 Regulation by feedback mechanisms Enzyme 3 D (a) Negative feedback

W Enzyme 4 X + Enzyme 5 Z Y Z Z Enzyme 6 Z Fig. 1-13b W Enzyme 4 X Positive feedback + Enzyme 5 Excess Z stimulates a step Z Y Z Figure 1.13 Regulation by feedback mechanisms Z Enzyme 6 Z (b) Positive feedback

The Four Big Ideas: Big Idea 3 Living systems store, retrieve, transmit, and respond to life processes.

Fig. 1-7 25 µm Figure 1.7 A lung cell from a newt divides into two smaller cells that will grow and divide again

copies of inherited DNA Egg cell Offspring with traits inherited from Fig. 1-9 Sperm cell Nuclei containing DNA Fertilized egg with DNA from both parents Embryo’s cells with copies of inherited DNA Egg cell Offspring with traits inherited from both parents Figure 1.9 Inherited DNA directs development of an organism

(b) Single strand of DNA Fig. 1-10 Nucleus DNA Nucleotide Cell Figure 1.10 DNA: The genetic material (a) DNA double helix (b) Single strand of DNA

Fig. 1-11 Figure 1.11 Modern biology as an information science

The Four Big Ideas: Big Idea 4 Biological systems interact, and these systems and their interactions possess complex processes.

(plants and other photosynthetic Fig. 1-5 Sunlight Ecosystem Producers (plants and other photosynthetic organisms) Cycling of chemical nutrients Heat Chemical energy Figure 1.5 Nutrient cycling and energy flow in an ecosystem Consumers (such as animals) Heat

Scientific Inquiry A search for information and explanation What is the scientific method? What are its components?

Observations Question Fig. 1-24a Observations Question Figure 1.24 A campground example of hypothesis-based inquiry Hypothesis #1: Dead batteries Hypothesis #2: Burnt-out bulb

Test falsifies hypothesis Test does not falsify hypothesis Fig. 1-24b Hypothesis #1: Dead batteries Hypothesis #2: Burnt-out bulb Prediction: Replacing batteries will fix problem Prediction: Replacing bulb will fix problem Test prediction Test prediction Figure 1.24 A campground example of hypothesis-based inquiry Test falsifies hypothesis Test does not falsify hypothesis