Joining Grammar Forces Advanced C1 – C2

Verb Forms Generally Practice - Testing

The English verb has 3 forms. the infinitive, the gerund & the participle

The 3 verb forms are only used to link sentences. Right answer: not only that but also to shorten speech

The Infinitive Practice - Testing

The infinitive is the base form of the verb + -ing. Right answer: It’s the base form of the verb without a personal pronoun-subject before it & with no ending.

The infinitive is divided in 2 sub-forms: the full infinitive (with ‘to’) & the bare (without ‘to’).

Where/ how is the bare infinitive used? a) After Modal Verbs b) After: had better, would rather/ sooner c) After make & let in the active voice d) After see, hear, feel, watch, etc, in the active voice (for an action perceived in its entirety) e) After ‘why’ (not)

Where/ how is the bare infinitive used? (cont’d) f) After and linking 2 infinitives g) After do/ does/ did h) After have in the form: have sb do sth i)After help (to inf. also possible) j) After but (meaning except), in negative statements.

Where/ how is the full infinitive used? a) After adjectives expressing emotion b) After nouns c) To express Purpose d) In too & enough constructions e) After certain verbs, like:

Verbs followed by a ‘to-infinitive’ agree arrange care decide fail want wish need urge beg claim pretend seem appear attempt tend seek cause dare hope manage enable empower promise tell encourage trust force compel expect choose hesitate ask demand instruct turn out oblige order prepare refuse require either immediately or in the structure: sb + to-infinitive

Where/ how is the full infinitive used? (cont’d) f) In impersonal constructions with It g) After the Indefinite Pronouns & adj’s like: the first, the last, etc h) After Question Words (exc. why) i) To show Negative Result, (usu. with only) j) After be (omitting should).

The infinitive has time forms that show how it relates to the time/ tense of the main verb.

Which are these time forms and how are they used? (a) Simple active: (to) work Simple passive: (to) be worked Continuous: (to) be working These refer to a time point that is either the same as or later than that of the main verb.

Which are these time forms and how are they used? (b) iv) Perfect active: (to) have worked v) Perfect passive: (to) have been worked vi) Perfect continuous: (to) have been working These refer to a time point that is earlier than that of the main verb.

When the subject of the infinitive is the same as that of the main verb we have a same-person construction. And then the subject of the infinitive is not mentioned/ repeated. e.g. I want to go home.

What happens when the subject of the infinitive is different from that of the main verb? a) it is markedly mentioned b) it comes before the infinitive c) it is in the accusative case e.g. I want Jim to go home/ I want him to go home

When the subject of the infinitive is the object of the main verb, it’s already in the accusative case.

But what do we do if it’s not? We turn it with the preposition for, based on the rule: accusative after a preposition, i.e. I held the door wide open for granny to come in.

The Gerund Practice - Testing

The gerund is formed by adding –ing to the bare infinitive.

The gerund is a verb-noun & used as one. i.e. as a preposition complement, subject and object [after i) certain verbs, ii) certain expressions & iii) certain other expressions with the preposition ‘to’]

i) Verbs followed by a gerund admit avoid appreciate anticipate carry on consider delay deny dislike despise detest discuss enjoy entail escape envisage excuse finish fancy foresee forgive give up hate imagine involve justify keep (on) love like loathe lose miss mind mention necessitate postpone put sth off quit risk recall recollect report resent resist save suggest set/ start sb spend stop sb tolerate understand waste

ii) Expressions followed by a gerund be busy can’t stand can’t bear can’t help it’s no use/ good how/ what about it’s (not) worth what’s the use of what’s the point of there’s no point in/ it’s pointless feel like it’s a waste of there is no have difficulty/ trouble/ a hard time

iii) Expressions with ‘to’ followed by a gerund be used/ accustomed to get used/ become accustomed to object to objection to look forward to in addition to prefer … to ...

The gerund also has time forms that show how it relates to the time/ tense of the main verb.

Which are these time forms and how are they used? (a) Simple active: searching Simple passive: being searched These (mainly) refer to a time point that is either the same as or later than that of the main verb.

Which are these time forms and how are they used? (b) iii) Perfect active: having searched v) Perfect passive: having been searched These refer to a time point that is earlier than that of the main verb although they are rarely used because: a) they are too formal & b) the order of actions is evident even with the simple forms.

e.g. I enjoy walking in the rain. When the subject of the gerund is the same as that of the main verb we have a same-person construction. And then the subject of the gerund is not mentioned/ repeated. e.g. I enjoy walking in the rain.

What happens when the subject of the gerund is different from that of the main verb? a) it is markedly mentioned b) it comes before the gerund c) it is in the possessive or the accusative case e.g. I object to Jim’s/ his – Jim/ him going home alone.

Which is commoner, the possessive or the accusative case? The accusative, but the possessive is always used when the different-person gerund is (part of) the Subject of the sentence. e.g. His coming in late made it hard for us to go ahead as planned.

Gerund or Infinitive? Practice - Testing

(I) Without meaning changes There are 3 distinct cases of verbs that can be followed by either a gerund or an infinitive (I). (I) Without meaning changes start/ begin (but no –ing if continuous themselves) continue/ bother intend/ propose

There are 3 distinct cases of verbs that can be followed by either a gerund or an infinitive (II). (II) Without meaning changes but depending on structure allow/ permit forbid advise/ recommend/ encourage + -ing when the –ing word is their object, + to –inf when there is a person-object & in the passive voice

(III.a) With meaning changes There are 3 distinct cases of verbs that can be followed by either a gerund or an infinitive (III.a). (III.a) With meaning changes remember/ forget/ regret/ be sorry stop/ go on be afraid/ dread

(III.b) With meaning changes There are 3 distinct cases of verbs that can be followed by either a gerund or an infinitive (III.b). (III.b) With meaning changes try mean verbs of like & dislike

(III.c) With meaning changes There are 3 distinct cases of verbs that can be followed by either a gerund or an infinitive (III.c). (III.c) With meaning changes teach/ learn need/ want/ require

The Participle Practice - Testing

How many participle forms are there in English? Mainly 2 but they’ve got time forms, too.

Which are the two participle forms? The present participle (bare inf. + -ing) & The past participle (bare inf. + ed)

How are the participles used? In 3 ways: a) to form the verb tenses b) as adjectives (or parts of compound adjectives) c) to shorten subordinate clauses

How can you shorten a subordinate clause using a participle? a) take out links b) omit subject (if same as main clause’s) & auxiliary verb (if any) & c) turn verb into a participle (–ing if replacing active tense OR –ed if replacing passive tense).

The participle also has time forms showing its relation to the time of the main verb.

Which are these time forms and how are they used? (a) Present active: calling Present passive: being called These refer to a time point that is either the same as or later than that of the main verb.

Which are these time forms and how are they used? (b) iii) Perfect active: having called iv) Perfect passive: having been called These refer to a time point that is earlier than that of the main verb.

Which are these time forms and how are they used? (c) v) Past passive: called This form replaces the other two passive forms for brevity.

e.g. Coming in, she said ‘hello’ to all of us. When the subject of the participle is the same as that of the main verb we have a same-person construction. And then the subject of the participle is not mentioned/ repeated. e.g. Coming in, she said ‘hello’ to all of us.

What happens when the subject of the participle is different from that of the main verb? a) it is markedly mentioned b) it comes before the participle c) it is in the nominative case e.g. Jim being present, she couldn’t lie about it.

Participle or Infinitive? Practice - Testing

(I) Participle or Infinitive? Some verbs are followed by a present participle or an infinitive but with differences in meaning/ message (I). (I) Participle or Infinitive? see/ hear/ feel/ notice/ observe/ etc motion verbs: come/ go – take sb/ send sb have/ get

(II) Participle or Infinitive? Some verbs are followed by a present participle or an infinitive but with differences in meaning/ message (II). (II) Participle or Infinitive? find/ leave be

What is the negative form of all the verb forms? not + the full form

What is an infinitive cut short? The infinitive particle ‘to’ alone, substituting for a verb or sentence that has been mentioned before. I’d love to join you but I’m afraid I won’t be able to.