2. How many forms does the English verb have? Unit 8 – Presentation 1 3: the infinitive, the gerund & the participle What is their main use? To shorten speech & link sentences (among others)

4. The base form of the verb without a personal pronoun-subject before it. What is the ‘infinitive’? And what is it divided into? Full Infinitive (with ‘to’)Bare Infinitive (without ‘to’)

5. a) After the Modal Verbs (except for ought) b) After: had better, would rather/ sooner c) After the verbs make, let IN THE ACTIVE VOICE d) After the verbs see, hear, feel, watch, notice, observe, look at, listen to IN THE ACTIVE VOICE for an action that we perceived in its entirety e) After ‘why’ (not) Bare Infinitive Uses

6. f) After and that links 2 infinitives g) After the auxiliary or main verbs do/ does/ did h) After the verb have in the structure: have sb do sth i)After the verb help (to infinitive is also possible) j) After but (meaning except), in negative statements. Bare Infinitive Uses (cont’d)

7. a)After adjectives expressing emotion (in same person constructions) b) After nouns c) To express Purpose d) In too & enough constructions e) After certain verbs, like: Full Infinitive Uses

8. agreearrangecaredecidefail wantwishneedurgebeg claimpretendseemappearattempt tendseekcausedarehope manageenableempowerpromisetell encouragetrustforcecompelexpect choosehesitateaskdemandinstruct turn outobligeorderpreparerefuse requireeither immediately or in the structure: sb + to-infinitive Verbs followed by a ‘to-infinitive’

9. f) In impersonal constructions, starting with It g) After the Indefinite Pronouns & adjectives like: the first, the last, the only (one), in place of a relative clause h) After Question Words (exc. why), in place of a subordinate clause i) To show Negative Result (usu. after only) j) After be (omitting should). Full Infinitive Uses (cont’d)

10. These are unchanged forms that show how the infinitive relates to the main verb time-wise. They are: Infinitive Time Forms

11. Infinitive Time Forms – Uses

12. If the subject of the infinitive is the same as that of the main verb (same-person construction), it is not repeated. e.g. I want to go home. If it is different, then: a) it is markedly mentioned b) it comes before the infinitive c) it is in the accusative case e.g. I want Jim to go home/ I want him to go home Change of Person for the Infinitive

13. If the subject of the infinitive (Jim/ him) is the object of the main verb (want), it is already in the accusative. When it is not, we turn it with the preposition for, using the rule: accusative after a preposition, i.e. e.g. I held the door wide open for granny to come in. Here, the object of the main verb (held) is ‘the door’ and therefore ‘granny’, which is the subject of the infinitive, has nothing to do with it, so we need for to make it into an accusative noun. Change of Person – Infinitive (cont’d)

15. How is the ‘gerund’ formed? And what is it grammatically? A verb-noun The Bare Infinitive+-ing

16. a)After prepositions b)As (part of) a Subject c)As (part of) an Object i) after certain verbs: ii) after certain expressions: iii) after certain expressions with the preposition ‘to’: Gerund Uses

17. admitavoidappreciateanticipatecarry on considerdelaydenydislikedespise detestdiscussenjoyentailescape envisageexcusefinishfancyforesee forgivegive uphateimagineinvolve justifykeep (on)lovelikeloathe losemissmindmentionnecessitate postponeput sth offquitriskrecall recollectreportresentresistsave suggestset/ start sbspendstop sbtolerate understandwaste Verbs followed by a ‘gerund’ (i)

18. be busycan’t stand can’t bearcan’t help it’s no use/ goodhow/ what about it’s (not) worthwhat’s the use of what’s the point ofthere’s no point in/ it’s pointless feel likeit’s a waste of there is nohave difficulty/ trouble/ a hard time Expressions followed by ‘gerund’ (ii)

19. be used/ accustomed toget used/ become accustomed to object toobjection to look forward toin addition to prefer … to... Expressions with ‘to’ followed by ‘gerund’ (iii)

20. These are more or less the same as those of the infinitive, i.e. unchanged forms that show how the gerund relates to the main verb time-wise. They are: Gerund Time Forms

21. Gerund Time Forms – Uses NB. The perfect forms are rarely used, if ever, because they are too formal & the order of actions is often obvious even with the simple forms.

22. If the subject of the gerund is the same as that of the main verb (same-person construction), it is not repeated. e.g. I enjoy walking in the rain. If it is different, then: a) it is markedly mentioned b) it comes before the gerund c) it is in the possessive (Jim’s/ his) OR the accusative case (Jim/ him) e.g. I object to Jim’s/ his – Jim/ him going home alone. Change of Person for the Gerund

23. The Possessive is not very common and can’t be used in all cases, except when the different- person gerund is the Subject of the sentence (or part of it). e.g. I can’t envisage him living the good life. (the possessive here would be too awkward) BUT His coming in late made it hard for us to go ahead as planned. (no accusative here!) Change of Person – Gerund (cont’d)

25. There are 3 distinct cases with these verbs: I) Without meaning changes Start, begin, continue, intend, propose bother RESTRICTION: No –ing if start & begin are in Continuous forms themselves. e.g. It started raining OR it started to rain BUT It was beginning to get dark Some verbs are followed by either a gerund or an infinitive (I):

26. II ) Without meaning changes but depending on structure Allow/ permit, forbid, advise, recommend, encourage a) + -ing when the –ing word is their object e.g. We don’t allow parking here. b) + to inf. when there is a person-object e.g. We don’t allow visitors to park here. c) + to inf. in the Passive Voice e.g. Visitors are not allowed to park here. Some verbs are followed by either a gerund or an infinitive (II):

27. III ) With meaning changes (a) Some verbs are followed by either a gerund or an infinitive (III): remember/ forget/ regret/ be sorry -ing: the –ing action happened before these verbs to-inf.: the to-inf. action happens after these verbs

28. III ) With meaning changes (b) Some verbs are followed by either a gerund or an infinitive (III): stop/ go on -ing: stop/ continue what I’ve been doing so far to-inf.: purpose

29. III ) With meaning changes (c) Some verbs are followed by either a gerund or an infinitive (III): be afraid/ dread -ing: fear the possibility of sth happening to-inf.: fear the prospect (& so don’t do it)

30. III ) With meaning changes (d) Some verbs are followed by either a gerund or an infinitive (III): try -ing: experiment with/ test sth to-inf.: normal meaning: make an effort

31. III ) With meaning changes (e) Some verbs are followed by either a gerund or an infinitive (III): mean -ing: normal meaning: entail to-inf.: intend

32. III ) With meaning changes (f) Some verbs are followed by either a gerund or an infinitive (III): verbs of like/ dislike -ing: normal meaning: general preference to-inf.: habit/ state & feelings about it to-inf.: ALWAYS when ‘would’ precedes these verbs

33. III ) With meaning changes (g) Some verbs are followed by either a gerund or an infinitive (III): teach/ learn -ing: describes the process of teaching/ learning to-inf.: describes the completed process

34. III ) With meaning changes (h) Some verbs are followed by either a gerund or an infinitive (III): need/ want/ require -ing: passive meaning (same as passive inf.) to-inf.: normal structure & meaning of these verbs

36. How many participle forms are there in English? Mainly 2, but with Time forms. Which are they? i) The Present Participle (same form as the Gerund) Bare Infinitive+-ing & ii) The Past Participle (same form as the Past Tense) Bare Infinitive+-ed

37. We use the participles in 3 ways: a) to form the verb tenses b) as adjectives (or parts of compound adjectives) c) to shorten subordinate clauses Participle Uses

38. a) take out the link/ linking phrase b) omit the subject (if same as that of the main clause) & the auxiliary verb (if any) & c) turn the verb into a participle (an –ing one if replacing an active tense OR an –ed one if replacing a passive tense). How to shorten a subordinate clause using a participle:

39. These are also the same as those of the infinitive & the gerund, i.e. unchanged forms that show how the participle relates to the main verb time-wise. They are: Participle Time Forms

40. Participle Time Forms – Uses

41. If the subject of the participle is the same as that of the main verb, it is not repeated. e.g. Coming in, she said ‘hello’ to all of us. If it is different, then: a) it is markedly mentioned b) it comes before the participle c) it is in the nominative (Jim/ he) case e.g. Jim being present, she couldn’t lie about it. Change of Person for the Participle

43. Some verbs are followed by a present participle or an infinitive (full or bare) but with differences in meaning/ message (a): see/ hear/ feel/ notice/ observe/ etc -ing: part of an action was perceived to-inf.: in the Passive (instead of the bare above) bare inf.: action perceived in its entirety

44. Some verbs are followed by a present participle or an infinitive (full or bare) but with differences in meaning/ message (b): motion verbs: come/ go – take sb/ send sb -ing: activity to-inf.: purpose/ intention

45. Some verbs are followed by a present participle or an infinitive (full or bare) but with differences in meaning/ message (c): have/ get bare inf. (for ‘have’): asking sb to do sth for us to-inf. (for ‘get’): asking sb to do sth for us -ing: seeing the completed result of sth we caused

46. Some verbs are followed by a present participle or an infinitive (full or bare) but with differences in meaning/ message (d): find/ leave -ing: when sb/ sth is caught in the middle of sth to-inf.: (for ‘find’)= discover/ (for ‘leave’)= assign duty

47. Some verbs are followed by a present participle or an infinitive (full or bare) but with differences in meaning/ message (e): be -ing: Continuous forms to-inf.: arrangements

48. The negative form for the infinitive, gerund and participles alike is: not + the full form Infinitive cut short: when the same verb is implied in a second sentence, we tend to use the infinitive particle ‘to’ alone, not the whole verb/ sentence: e.g. I’d love to join you but I’m afraid I won’t be able to. Notes on all the verb forms: