The Study of Roman Imperialism Empire and Imperialism: Search for Definitions

Imperial Contrasts Between Republic and Empire Republic ( BC ) Republic ( BC ) Conquest and Expansion Conquest and Expansion Ad Hoc Imperial Administration Ad Hoc Imperial Administration Client and Buffer States Client and Buffer States Empire (31 BC -200 AD ) Maintenance and Consolidation More Regularized Imperial Administration Limes and Frontier Zones

Empire and Imperialism Search for Definitions

Empire of the “5 Cs” Ingredients of Empire Ingredients of Empire Conquest Conquest Constitutionalism Constitutionalism Culture Culture Colonization Colonization Commerce Commerce Types of Imperialsim Military/Territorial Political Cultural Military/Territorial Commercial

Empire and Imperialism Empire: Territorial or Non-Annexationist? Empire: Territorial or Non-Annexationist? Empire or Hegemony? Empire or Hegemony? Economic? Political? Cultural? Economic? Political? Cultural? “Imperialism” a newly-coined word for Lord Carnarvon in 1878 “Imperialism” a newly-coined word for Lord Carnarvon in 1878

Imperialism According to J.A. Hobson “It is the debasement of…genuine nationalism, by attempts to overflow its natural banks and absorb the near or distant territory of reluctant and unassimilable peoples, that marks the passage from nationalism to a spurious colonialism on the one hand, and Imperialism on the other.”

Imperialism According to Karl Kautsky “Imperialism is a product of a highly developed industrial capitalism. It consists in the striving of every industrial capitalist nation to bring under its control and to annex increasingly big agrarian regions irrespective of what nations inhabit those regions.”

Lenin’s Essential Features of Imperialism Concentration of production and capital leading to economic monopolies Concentration of production and capital leading to economic monopolies Bank capital merges with industrial capital, leading to a “financial oligarchy” Bank capital merges with industrial capital, leading to a “financial oligarchy” Export of capital, as opposed to commodities Export of capital, as opposed to commodities Formation of international capitalist monopolies sharing the world amongst themselves Formation of international capitalist monopolies sharing the world amongst themselves Territorial division of the world among the greatest capitalistic powers Territorial division of the world among the greatest capitalistic powers

Twenty-First Century Empire? What is the relationship between multinational and transnational industrial and financial corporations and Empire?

Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri, Empire (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2000) “Empire” in the twenty-first century = a “globalized biopolitical machine” (pg. 40) “Empire” in the twenty-first century = a “globalized biopolitical machine” (pg. 40) “Empire establishes no territorial center of power and does not rely on fixed boundaries or barriers. It is a decentralized and deterritorializing apparatus of rule that progressively incorporates the entire global realm within its open, expanding frontiers….The United States does not, and indeed no nation-state can today, form the center of an imperialist project. Imperialism is over. No nation will be world leader in the way modern European nations were.” (pp. xii, xiv) “Empire establishes no territorial center of power and does not rely on fixed boundaries or barriers. It is a decentralized and deterritorializing apparatus of rule that progressively incorporates the entire global realm within its open, expanding frontiers….The United States does not, and indeed no nation-state can today, form the center of an imperialist project. Imperialism is over. No nation will be world leader in the way modern European nations were.” (pp. xii, xiv)

Imperialism According to J.A. Schumpeter “This…is our definition: imperialism is the objectless disposition on the part of a state to unlimited forcible expansion.”

Michael W. Doyle, Empires Imperialism: “A relationship, formal or informal, in which one state controls the effective sovereignty of another political society. It can be achieved by force, by political collaboration, by economic, social, or cultural dependence. Imperialism is simply the process or policy of establishing or maintaining an empire.” (pg. 45) Imperialism: “A relationship, formal or informal, in which one state controls the effective sovereignty of another political society. It can be achieved by force, by political collaboration, by economic, social, or cultural dependence. Imperialism is simply the process or policy of establishing or maintaining an empire.” (pg. 45)

Ways of Studying Imperial Expansion Metrocentric Metrocentric Pericentric Pericentric Systemic Systemic

Moses Finley’s Typology of Imperialism Finley’s Typology of State Power exercised over other states: Finley’s Typology of State Power exercised over other states: 1. Restriction of freedom of action in interstate relations 1. Restriction of freedom of action in interstate relations 2. Political/judicial/administrative interference in internal affairs 2. Political/judicial/administrative interference in internal affairs 3. Compulsory military/naval service 3. Compulsory military/naval service 4. Payment of some form of tribute 4. Payment of some form of tribute 5. Confiscation of land of other states 5. Confiscation of land of other states 6. Various forms of economic exploitation/subordination 6. Various forms of economic exploitation/subordination