Chapter 6 The Duel for North America, 1608–1763

I. France Finds a Foothold in Canada France was late to claim New World real estate The government of New France (Canada) – Eventually controlled by king (Louis XIV) Autocratic, few personal freedoms – Landowning peasants had little motive to move – French Huguenots were denied a refuge – French government favored the Caribbean Islands

II. New France Fans Out New France most valuable resource, the beaver – French recruited Indians into the fur business – French Catholic missionaries (Jesuits) involved French explorers focused on rivers – St. Lawrence, Ohio, Mississippi – Established fortified posts New Orleans (1718)

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III. The Clash of Empires French – British conflicts in North America – Britain wins SE Canada King William’s War (1697), Queen Anne’s War (1713) Britain was awarded French-populated Acadia, which the British renamed Nova Scotia also Newfoundland and Hudson Bay – France still clung to its holdings- Ohio, Miss, Canada Spanish – British conflicts in North America – War of Jenkins’s Ear (1739), King George’s War (1748) – Spain controlled Florida, Mexico, American SW

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Area under control after Queen Anne’s War

IV. George Washington Inaugurates War with France Ohio Valley combination of French & British – France erected a chain of forts on the Ohio River Washington was sent to the Ohio Country – George Washington defeated (1754) British brutally uprooted the French Acadians – Most moved to Louisiana

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V. Global War and Colonial Disunity Washington's skirmish led to Seven Years’ War – Between Great Britain & France The crisis caused Albany colonial meeting – United colonial military response Benjamin Franklin’s Join or Die Flag – But colonies didn’t unite

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VI. Braddock’s Blundering and Its Aftermath The opening clashes went badly for the British – Gen. Edward Braddock commanded British regulars – The British had defeat after defeat.

VII. Pitt’s Palms of Victory William Pitt, British superlative leader – Focused military on Canada – Captured Louisbourg – The Battle of Quebec (1759) Plains of Abraham – Conquest of Montreal (1760) – The Peace of Paris (1763) The French lost Canada Great Britain dominant power in North America

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VIII. Restless Colonists Britain’s colonists gained confidence – Won The French and Indiana War – Found other colonists with common ideals – The start of a coherent nation

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IX. War’s Fateful Aftermath Biggest threats – Indians & Spanish – Pontiac’s uprising / Rebellion / War – Defeated British at Detroit, Niagara, Pitts (1763) – Eventual British Victory “smallpox blankets” (~400,000 died) Proclamation of 1763 – Prohibited settlement beyond the Appalachian

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