1. Ch. 6 – The Duel for North America

2. France Finds a Foothold in Canada
Latecomer to Americas
Foreign war
Domestic strife
Catholics vs. Protestants

3. France Finds a Foothold in Canada
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre 1572—10,000 Huguenots butchered

4. France Finds a Foothold in Canada
* 1598—Edict of Nantes
Limited toleration of French Huguenots (protestants)
King Louis XIV ( )

5. France Finds a Foothold in Canada
Quebec “New France”
St. Lawrence River
Samuel de Champlain
Huron Indian alliance (against Iroquois Confederacy)
Autocratic government
Slow population—only 60,000 by 1750
Little economic motive
No religious motive—only Catholics

6. France Finds a Foothold in Canada

7. New France Fans Out Beaver Jesuits— marginally successful missionaries
Coureurs de bois
Indian recruitment
Disease & alcohol
Ecological damage
Jesuits— marginally successful missionaries
Explorers & geographers

8. New France Fans Out Explorers Antoine Cadillac—1701, Detroit
Robert de La Salle—1682, Mississippi to Louisiana
New Orleans 1718—
block Spanish
Strategic location

9. The Clash of Empires
King William’s War ( ) &Queen Anne’s War ( )
British colonists vs. coureurs de bois
Primitive guerrilla warfare
French Indian allies—brutal attacks on settlers

10. The Clash of Empires British failure—Quebec & Montreal
British success—Port Royal in Acadia (Nova Scotia)
Treaty of Utrecht 1713
Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, Hudson Bay
“Pinched” St. Lawrence settlements
Limited Trading rights in Spanish America

11. The Clash of Empires War of Jenkins's Ear--1739
Limited trading rights with Spanish America
Smuggling
British Captain Jenkins lost ear to Spanish revenue authority
Caribbean sea & Georgia
James Oglethorpe (kicked their trash)
Robert Jenkins shows his severed ear to British Prime Minister Robert Walpole in a 1738 depiction of his presentation at Parliament

12. The Clash of Empires Became King George’s War—large scale
France allied with Spain
N.E. Captured “impregnable” Fortress of Louisbourg
Peace treaty 1748 returned Louisbourg to French
New Englanders--outraged

13. George Washington Inaugurates War with France
Ohio Valley
British colonists—want to move west
French—key to continent
Links Canada with Mississippi holdings
1749 British speculators secured “legal” rights to 500,000 acres
French--building Fort Duquesne

14. George Washington Inaugurates War with France
1754 Lieutenant colonel George Washington sent to secure VA claim
Virginians fire first
French retreat

15. George Washington Inaugurates War with France
Fort Necessity—French return and Washington forced to surrender entire command July 4, 1754
4000 French Acadians forced to move to south—become “Cajuns”
Rebuilt Fort Necessity. It’s easy to see why it wasn’t very defensible.
Do you get the irony?

16. Global War & Colonial Disunity
French & Indian War
1st Anglo-French war started in New World
Started with G. Washington—1754
Became Europe’s Seven Years’ War
Britain & Prussia vs. France, Spain, Austria, & Russia
Fought on 7 seas
“[French] America was conquered in Germany.” ~~William Pitt

17. Global War & Colonial Disunity
1754—Albany Congress
Keep Iroquois Tribes loyal to British
Inter-colonial unity--unsuccessful
“Join, or Die” ~~Benjamin Franklin
From Pennsylvania Gazette

18. Braddock’s Blundering & Its Aftermath
General “Bulldog” Braddock
1755—2000 men to Fort Duquesne
French & Indian kill him & destroy his forces in forest fight (guerilla warfare)

19. Braddock’s Blundering & Its Aftermath
George Washington
Braddock’s aide—2 horses shot out from under him & 4 bullets pierced his coat
He is left with 300 men to defend “scorched frontier” from Indian raids
See… George Washington IS cool.!!

20. Braddock’s Blundering & Its Aftermath
1756 British launch full invasion of Canada
British err—don’t attack main forts of Quebec & Montreal which would have cut off supplies to other outposts

21. Pitt’s Palms of Victory
William Pitt—”Great Commoner” & “Organizer of Victory” 1757
Back off French West Indies
Concentrate on Quebec-Montreal area

22. Pitt’s Palms of Victory
1758—Fort Louisbourg fell after siege

23. Pitt’s Palms of Victory
Quebec--1759
James Wolfe---scaled cliff with men at night
Plains of Abraham—next morning
Marquis de Montcalm vs. James Wolfe
Both died, but French defeated
Montreal fell 1760
France lost all power in New World
James Wolfe’s death at the Plains of Abraham

24. Pitt’s Palms of Victory
Treaty of Paris 1763
French kept sugar islands in West Indies
French ceded Mississippi-Louisiana area to Spain
Spain exchanged Florida for Cuba with British
British dominant in North America & in oceans

25. Pitt’s Palms of Victory

26. Restless Colonists Friction between British & Americans:
British arrogance vs. Americans as “cutting edge”
British refused to recognize militia commissions above captain (i.e. George Washington)
Colonial reluctance to unite to cause
American shippers & smuggling
Colonists distant from the war

27. War’s fateful Aftermath
Pontiac 1763
Wanted to lead British out of Ohio country
British retaliation—harsh & quick
I.E. British infected blankets with smallpox
British keep regular troops along frontier—which colonists pay for

28. War’s fateful Aftermath
Land-hungry colonists—move past Appalachian Mountains
Proclamation of 1763
Purpose—Indian “problems”
Americans—defiance & “destiny”

29. War’s fateful Aftermath
Energetic Americans + proud, successful British=future conflict