Cognition- (aka thinking)

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
Thinking.
Advertisements

Thinking. What is thought? There are basically two types of thought… 1.Concepts (schemas)…usually based on prototypes. 2.Images Our concept of men may.
Cognition.
T HINKING – C ONCEPTS AND P ROBLEM S OLVING Pages
COGNITION All of the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, & communicating Cognitive psychologists study these activities &
Thinking and Problem Solving. Cognition Cognition – the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating How do we.
WHS AP Psychology Unit 6: Cognition Essential Task 6-1: Define cognition and identify how the following interact to form our cognitive life: schemata/concepts,
Problem Solving Chimps and Learning Chimps and Learning II.
Warm Up Answers 3. YYURYYUBICURYY4ME Coffin
DO NOW:  What is cognition (it’s okay to guess)?  Prepare your spring break extra credit to turn in (if you have it).
MODULE 23 COGNITION/THINKING. THINKING Thinking is a cognitive process in which the brain uses information from the senses, emotions, and memory to create.
Imagine that you serve on the jury of an only-child sole custody case following a relatively messy divorce. The facts of the case are complicated by ambiguous.
Chapter 10 Thinking and Language.
Wyatt Andresen, M’Kyla Walker, Sarah Kerman, Jake Garn, Chris Pirrung.
Chapter 10 Thinking.
Unit 7B Thinking, Problem Solving, Creativity, and Language Monday, November 18, 2013.
EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY EIGHTH EDITION IN MODULES David Myers PowerPoint Slides Aneeq Ahmad Henderson State University Worth Publishers, © 2011.
WHS AP Psychology Unit 6: Cognition Essential Task 6-2: Identify problem-solving techniques (algorithms and heuristics) as well as factors that influence.
Myers EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (6th Edition in Modules) Module 23 Thinking James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers.
1 Thinking Thinking, or cognition, refers to… Activities of Cognition include:
Thinking and Problem Solving Cognition Cognition – the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.
Myers PSYCHOLOGY Seventh Edition in Modules Thinking.
VOCABCHAPTER 10. CONCEPT A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.
Announcements Please turn in your article summary to the bin, be sure your name is on it! Read through the Motivation Project guidelines you received at.
1 Thinking. 2 Thinking Thinking, or cognition, refers to a process that involves knowing, understanding, remembering, and communicating.
Cognition The mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating. In general, cognition = thinking.
Cognition (Thinking) Mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.
Thinking. Cognition Another term for thinking, knowing and remembering Maybe by studying the way we think, we can eventually think better. Does the way.
Thinking  Cognition  mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating  Cognitive Psychology  study of mental activities.
Cognition The mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating. In general, cognition = thinking.
CHS AP Psychology Unit 7 Part II: Cognition Essential Task 7.1: Define cognition and identify how the following interact to form our cognitive life: schemata/concepts,
EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (7th Edition in Modules) David Myers PowerPoint Slides Aneeq Ahmad Henderson State University Worth Publishers, © 2008.
Warm Up Answers 2. The maker doesn’t want it, the buyer doesn’t use it, and the user doesn’t see it. What is it.  Coffin 3. YYURYYUBICURYY4ME  Answer:
If I tell you that Sonia Dara is a Sports Illustrated swimsuit model, you would make certain quick judgments (heuristics) about her…like about.
Thinking and Language Notes 10-1 (obj.1-3). 1.) Thinking ****Thinking, or cognition, refers to a process that involves knowing, understanding, remembering,
Thinking, Problem Solving, Creativity and Language E. Pardalis.
Cognition Concepts and Creativity. Cognition Mental activity o Thinking o Knowing o Remembering o Communicating “Thinking about thinking” Does the way.
Thinking Thinkingcognition Thinking, or cognition, refers to a process that involves knowing, understanding, remembering, and communicating.
Thinking Do Now: Take a sticky note (Exit ticket) and Quickly, write down how many windows you have in your house. Objective: Student will: Understand.
Myers’ Psychology for AP* David G. Myers *AP is a trademark registered and/or owned by the College Board, which was not involved in the production of,
Cognition AP Psych Concepts Cognition – all mental activities associated with thinking Concepts – mental groupings of similar objects, events,
Vocabulary 7b Thinking Language Intelligence. a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the.
Unit 7: Cognition WHS AP Psychology
Unit 7 Part II: Cognition
Unit 6: Cognition WHS AP Psychology
Unit 3: Learning, Memory, Thinking, and Language
Cognition & Language Mod 36: Acquisition and Use of Language
Unit 7: Cognition AP Psychology
Thinking.
Thinking and Language.
Thinking.
Cognition The mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating. In general, cognition = thinking.
PSYCHOLOGY, Ninth Edition in Modules David Myers
files. wordpress
Cognition The mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating. In general, cognition = thinking.
Obstacles to Problem Solving
Cognition (Thinking) Refers to all mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, & communication.
Effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, rather than conscious reasoning
Thinking & Language (Chapter 10)
Think of an idiom, movie title, well-known song title, book title, etc
Thinking.
Thinking.
Thinking Cognition refers to all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.
Thinking.
Cognition The mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating. In general, cognition = thinking.
Unit VII: Cognition Part two- Thinking
Thinking.
Chapter 10 Thinking.
Thinking.
Presentation transcript:

Cognition- (aka thinking) What things make up cognition? Our brain receives, perceives, stores, and retrieves information. How then does our cognitive system use this information---logically and illogically—as we form concepts that organize our world, solve problems, and make efficient decisions and judgments? That is what this unit is all about!

Cognition We are here Unit 6: Algorithms Heuristics Biological Factors Representativeness Heuristic Compensatory Models We are here Problem Solving Techniques Decision Making Techniques Availability Heuristic Unit 6: Cognition Obstacles to Problem Solving Obstacles to Decision Making Biological Factors Acquisition and use of Language Memory Information Processing Model Encoding Storage Retrieval Cognitive Factors Cultural Factors

Subfield Plug: Cognition involves a number of mental activities, which are listed below. Cognitive psychologists study these in great detail. Concepts Problem solving Decision making Judgment formation

Concepts In order to think about the world, we form…….. A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas or people. Concepts are similar to Piaget’s idea of…. Schemas These animals all look different, but they fall under our concept of “dogs”.

OBJECTIVE 2| Describe the roles of categories, hierarchies, definitions, and prototypes in concept formation.

We organize concepts into category hierarchies. Courtesy of Christine Brune

Categories get fuzzy Is a whale a mammal? Are penguins and kiwis birds? Are 17 year old people children or adults Heart attack symptoms

Can I read your mind? State a color. Name or draw a triangle. List the first type of motor vehicle that comes to mind. Write a sentence Give me a hero. Describe a heroic act Game Philosopher Writer Pop Star

I gave schemata and tried to predict prototypes. red or blue a picture of an equilateral triangle a car a short declarative statement, e.g., “The boy an home.” Superman, Batman, or possibly a fireman a single act by a male, e.g. a rescue by a fireman monopoly or some other board game Socrates or Aristotle John Green, JK Rowling, or some other white author Spears or Tay Swift

Prototypes We base our concepts on …. Our concept of men may include all of the following guys…. Prototypes A mental image or best example of a category. If a new object is similar to our prototype, we are better able to recognize it. But they are based on our prototype (ideal) male…..

Problem Solving

Trial and Error Ex: Randomly guessing which spot to hit in Battleship.

Algorithms A methodical, logical rule or procedure for problem solving. Ex: Solving Hangman by guessing “A”, then “B”, then “C”, etc. Usually by using a formula. They work but are sometimes impractical. Computers use algorithms

S P L O Y O C H Y G Algorithms If we were to unscramble these letters to form a word using an algorithmic approach, we would face 907,208 possibilities.

Heuristics A rule-of-thumb strategy that uses short cuts and prior knowledge to solve problems. Ex: Solving Hangman by guessing vowels first, then common letters. Who would you trust to baby-sit your child? + : Often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently. Faster. - : Can be prone to error. Won’t always allow you to find the solution. Your answer is based on your heuristic of their appearances.

Put a Y at the end, and see if the word Heuristics Heuristics make it easier for us to use simple principles to arrive at solutions to problems. S P L O Y O C H Y G S P L O Y O C H G Y P S L O Y O C H G Y P S Y C H O L O G Y Put a Y at the end, and see if the word begins to make sense.

Insight A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem. “A ha!” moments. No real strategy involved

Humans and animals have insight. Using boxes to obtain food

Insight Brain imaging and EEG studies suggest that when an insight strikes (the “Aha” experience), it activates the right temporal cortex (Jung-Beeman, 2004). The time between not knowing the solution and realizing it is 0.3 seconds. From Mark Jung-Beekman, Northwestern University and John Kounios, Drexel University

Do Now Please turn in your RM Review to the bin Answer the following Qs: What is your concept of “college”? How was it formed? What is your prototype of “college”?

Hurdles/Obstacles to Problem Solving

Confirmation Bias We look for evidence to confirm our beliefs and ignore evidence that contradicts them. Example: Administration analysts in 2003 had a tendency to accept info which supported their presumptions about WMDs more readily than info which contradicted them.

Example: Confirmation Bias Imagine that you are the judge in an only-child sole-custody case following a relatively messy divorce. The facts of the case are complicated by ambiguous economic, social, and emotional considerations, and you decide to base your decision entirely on the following facts. Question: To whom would you award sole-custody of the child? Parent A: who has an average income, average health, average working hours, a reasonable rapport with the child, and a relatively stable social life; Parent B: who has an above-average income, minor health problems, lots of work-related travel, a very close relationship with the child, and an extremely active social life.

Confirmation Bias Example For example, if you believe that during a full moon there is an increase in admissions to the emergency room where you work, you will take notice of admissions during a full moon, but be inattentive to the moon when admissions occur during other nights of the month.

Fixation Fixation: An inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective. This impedes problem solving. Two examples of fixation are mental set and functional fixedness.

Match Problem Can you arrange these six matches into four equilateral triangles?

Match Problem Fixation The inability to see a problem from a new perspective.

Functional Fixedness The inability to see a new use for an object. Think of as many uses as you can for a ……

Mental Set A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, especially if it has worked in the past. May or may not be a good thing. Rows/hop example

The Jug Problem

B – A – 2C = desired amount of water The Jug Problem B – A – 2C = desired amount of water

The Jug Problem For problems 6 and 7 (20 and 18), there are easier ways than using your formula from your mental set. “We can't solve problems by using the same kind of thinking we used when we created them.”  Albert Einstein

Motivation If you don’t attempt to solve a problem you won’t.

Making Decisions & Forming Judgements

Representativeness Heuristic Who went to Harvard? Dan is a smart dude, but did not go to Harvard (but he looks like he did). Judging a situation based on how similar the aspects are to the prototypes the person holds in their mind. Like thinking everyone from Pattonville is preppy, or someone with glasses is nerdy, or a blonde is not smart. If I tell you that Sonia Dara is a Sports Illustrated swimsuit model, you would make certain quick judgments (heuristics) about her…like about her interests or intelligence. She is an economics major at Harvard University.

In reality, all 3 options are equally likely. Which answer sequence do you think is most likely to appear on a True/False Quiz: T T T T T T F F F T T T T F F T F T Chances are, you picked “C” because it best fits with your idea of what a random sequence looks like. In reality, all 3 options are equally likely.

Chances are, she is a beautician!!! Below is Linda. She loves books and hates loud noises. Is Linda a librarian or a beautician? Chances are, she is a beautician!!!

Availability Heuristic Which place would you be more scared of getting mugged or even murdered? Judging a situation based on examples of similar situations that initially come to mind. Vivid examples in the news often cause an availability heuristic. The Bronx, NY The crime rate of Gary, Indiana is MUCH higher than the Bronx. But when you think of crime, which town comes to mind? Gary, Indiana

If it comes to mind easily (maybe a vivid event) we assume it is common. Although diseases kill many more people than accidents, it has been shown that people will judge accidents and diseases to be equally fatal. This is because accidents are more dramatic and are often written up in the paper or seen on the news on t.v., and are more available in memory than diseases.

Heuristics can lead to Overconfidence… The tendency to be more confident than correct.

Belief Perseverance Clinging to your initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited.

Framing 90% of the population will be saved with this medication…..or 10% of the population will die despite this medication. You should not drink more than two drinks per day….or You should not drink more than 730 drinks a year. Look at the following question and think about how the question is worded may effect the way it is answered. How can businesses become more socially responsible? The way a problem is presented can drastically effect the way we view it.

Belief Bias Democrats support free speech The tendency for one’s preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning. Sometimes making invalid conclusions valid or vice versa. 2. Dictators are not Democrats. Conclusion: Dictators do not support free speech.

See if you can figure out what these seven words all have in common. 1 See if you can figure out what these seven words all have in common? 1. Banana 2. Dresser 3. Grammar 4. Potato 5. Revive 6. Uneven 7. Assess

CREATIVITY Almost impossible to define.