TUTORIAL PHYSIOLOGY Dr. Shaikh Mujeeb Ahmed Assistant Professor AlMaarefa College PHSL - 215

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM What is central nervous system? What are the divisions of peripheral nervous system? How many pairs of cranial nerves are there? How many pairs of spinal nerves are there? What is the difference between afferent and efferent neuron?

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Name the types of glial cells and their function. Name the coverings of meninges of the brain and spinal cord. What is CSF? Where the CSF is present? What is hydrocephalus? In how much time brain damage will occur of there is; – No oxygen supply – No glucose supply

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Name the parts of brain What is the difference between sulci and gyri? What structure make – Brainstem – Diancephalon What are the functions of Cerebellum? Name the four lobes of cerebral hemishphere.

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM In which lobe motor cortex is situated? In which lobe sensory cortex is situated? In which lobe; – Auditory cortex is situated? – Visual cortex is situated Which part of the body has got more representation in – Motor cotex – Sensory cortex

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM If there is damage to left motor cortex, which side will be paralyzed? If there is damage to right sensory cortex, where the sensation will be lost?

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM What is autonomic nervous system What are the divisions of ANS? Give the origin of sympathetic parasympathetic autonomic nervous system Draw the diagram of sympathetic and parasympathetic ANS showing two neurons.

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM What is the difference between the length of preganglionic and postganglionic nerve fibers in sympathetic and parasympathetic ANS? What are the neurotransmitters releases at pre and post ganglionic nerve fibers of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system? Sympathetic ANSParasympathetic ANS Preganglionic fiber Postganglionic fiber

What is the effect of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic stimulation on following areas? Sympathetic ANSParasympathetic ANS 1.Heart i.Rate ii.Force of contraction 1.Blood Pressure 1.Bronchi 1.Sweat Gland 1.GI motility & Secretion i.Effect on sphincter 1.Saliva 1.Blood Vessels i.Skeletal Muscle Blood vessels 1.Male Sex organ 1.Urinary Bladder

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM Name the adrenergic receptors where epinephrine and nor-epinephrine acts. What types of adrenergic receptors are present in the following organs? – Heart – Bronchi – Blood vessels – Skeletal muscle blood vessels – GIT

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM What is the neurotransmitter releases at postganglionic sympathetic nerve ending supplying sweat gland? Acetyl choline released at postganglionic parasympathetic nerve ending acts on which receptor? Which receptors are present at the ganglion in sympathetic and parasympathetic ANS? What is adrenal medulla? What hormones are secreted by adrenal medulla?