2. The autonomic nervous system

3. Anatomic organization of the nervous system Nervous system Central nervous system Enclosed in bony cavities (skull, vertebral column) Peripheral nervous system Outside bony cavities (nerves)

6. Definitions Ganglion Collection Collection of neurons outside central nervous system Nucleus of neurons inside central nervous system

7. Functional organization of the nervous system Nervous system Somatic nervous system Control voluntary functions Autonomic nervous system control involuntary i.e. visceral functions

8. Central nervous system Receptors Effectors Skeletal muscles Glands Afferent (sensory nerves) Efferents Cardiac muscle Smooth muscle Voluntary Involuntary motor Secretory

9. Effectors of the autonomic nervous system Cardiac muscle Smooth muscles Glands: All All exocrine glands Some Some endocrine glands

10. The autonomic nervous system represent the efferent part for control of visceral function

11. Central nervous system Preganglionic fiber Preganglionic neurotransmitter Postganglionic fiber vescicles Postganglionic neurotransmitter Effector organ Autonomic ganglion

12. Organization of the autonomic nervous system Two neurons from CNS: Preganglionic Preganglionic neuron Postganglionic Postganglionic neuron Compare to somatic nervous system (one neuron from CNS to skeletal muscle)

13. Control centers Effectors Receptors Autonomic nervous system The autonomic nervous system works through reflex arcs

14. Where are the control centers of the autonomic nervous system? Hypothalamus Brain stem Spinal cord

15. Figure 7.2 Page 239 Craniosacral parasym- pathetic nerves Terminal ganglion Collateral ganglion Adrenal medulla Blood E,NE NE ACh Terminal ganglion ACh Sympathetic ganglion chain = Sympathetic system = Parasympathetic system Thoracolumbar sympathetic nerves Spinal cord Brain ACh Effector organs Cardiac muscle Smooth muscle Most exocrine glands and some endocrine glands = Preganglionic fiber = Postganglionic fiber = Acetylcholine = Norepinephrine = Epinephrine = Cell body = Axon

16. Examples of control centers for the autonomic nervous system Found in: Spinal Spinal cord (example bladder contraction) Brain Brain stem Medulla (cardiovascular and respiratory control etc) Mid brain (pupilar function) Hypothalamus Hypothalamus (temperature etc)

17. Anatomic divisions of the autonomic nervous system Two divisions: Sympathetic Sympathetic nervous system Parasympathetic Parasympathetic nervous system

18. sympathetic Parasympathetic (cranial) Parasympathetic (sacral)

19. CNS Preganglionic neuron Postganglionic neuron effector Preganglionic neuron Postganglionic neuron Sympathetic Parasympathetic

23. Distribution of the autonomic ganglia Sympathetic ganglia are near the CNS Parasympathetic ganglia are near the effectors organs

24. Neurotransmitters of the autonomic nervous system AcetylcholineNoradrenaline

25. Parasympathetic Sympathetic acetylcholine Noradrenaline (most) acetylcholine Acetylcholine (some) preganglionic Postganglionic

26. Neurotransmitters Acetylcholine secreted by: All All preganglionic autonomic postganglionic parasympathetic Some Some postganglionic sympathetic Noradrenaline Most Most postganglionic sympathetic

27. Postganglionic sympathetic neurons that secret acetylcholine Those supplying: Sweat Sweat glands Skeletal Skeletal muscle arterioles

28. Receptors for acetylcholine and noradrenaline Acetylcholine receptors Cholinergic Cholinergic receptors Noradrenaline receptors Adrenergic Adrenergic receptors

29. Adrenal medulla Part of the suprarenal gland A modified sympathetic ganglion Collection Collection of postganglionic neurons With no axons Stimulated by acetylcholine Release adrenaline when sympathetic is stimulated

30. Figure 7.4 Page 243 Spinal cord Sympathetic preganglionic fiber Adrenal medulla Blood Sympathetic postganglionic fiber Target organs = Acetylcholine = Norepinephrine = Epinephrine

31. Examples of effects of sympathetic stimulation Effects on the heart (  1 (  1 receptors) receptors) : Increases Increases heart rate force of contraction Effects on blood vessels ( ( ( ( receptors) Constrict Constrict blood vessels Results; Increases Increases cardiac output blood pressure

32. Examples of effects of sympathetic stimulation Bronchioles Dilate Dilate (  2 (  2 receptors) GIT decreases decreases motility constricts constricts sphincters Increases Increases secretion Pancreas ( ( ( ( receptors) Decreases Decreases secretion of exocrine and endocrine) Adipose tissue (  2 (  2 ) Mobilizes Mobilizes fats (energy)

33. The sympathetic division Activated at stress Fight or flight

34. The sympathetic division

35. Importance of sympathetic in coping with stress Help cope with emergency situations Fight Fight or flight Increases cardiac output Increases blood pressure Mobilizes fats for energy Raise blood glucose Prevent bleeding (constrict skin blood vessels) constrict sphincters Generally it is catabolic

36. Examples of effects of parasympathetic stimulation All effects are through muscarinic receptors Decreases heart rate Constrict bronchioles GIT (promote digestion and absorption) Increases Increases motility Dilate Dilate sphincters Increases Increases secretion

37. Effects of parasympathetic stimulation Pancreas Increased Increased exocrine and endocrine secretion Salivary glands secretion Urinary bladder Contracts Contracts Open Open sphincter Male sex organs Erection Erection

38. Termination of the effects of autonomic neurotransmitters Acetylcholine terminated by: Enzymatic Enzymatic degradation Noradrenaline terminated by: Reuptake Reuptake by preganglionic neuron