1. NERVOUS SYSTEM

2. Central nervous system (CNS) Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Figure 49.4
Central nervous system (CNS)
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Brain
Cranial nerves
Spinal cord
Ganglia outside CNS
Spinal nerves
Figure 49.4 The vertebrate nervous system.

3. Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Central nervous system (CNS)
Figure 48.3
Sensory input
Integration
Sensor
Motor output
Figure 48.3 Summary of information processing.
Effector
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Central nervous system (CNS) 3

6. Basic Neuron Structure

7. Dendrites Stimulus Axon hillock Nucleus Cell body Presynaptic cell
Figure 48.4
Dendrites
Stimulus
Axon hillock
Nucleus
Cell body
Presynaptic cell
Axon
Signal direction
Synapse
Synaptic terminals
Figure 48.4 Neuron structure and organization.
Synaptic terminals
Postsynaptic cell
Neurotransmitter 7

10. Depolarized region (node of Ranvier)
Figure 48.14
Schwann cell
Depolarized region (node of Ranvier)
Cell body
Myelin sheath
Axon
Figure Saltatory conduction. 10

12. Presynaptic cell Synaptic cleft
Figure 48.15
Presynaptic cell
Postsynaptic cell
Axon
Synaptic vesicle containing neurotransmitter 1
Postsynaptic membrane
Synaptic cleft
Presynaptic membrane 3
Figure A chemical synapse. K
Ca2 2
Voltage-gated Ca2 channel
Ligand-gated ion channels 4
Na 12

13. Table 48.2
Table 48.2 Major Neurotransmitters 13

14. Table 48.1
Table 48.1 Ion Concentrations Inside and Outside of Mammalian Neurons 14

15. Sodium- potassium pump
Figure 48.7
Key
Na K
Sodium- potassium pump
OUTSIDE OF CELL
Potassium channel
Sodium channel
Figure 48.7 The basis of the membrane potential.
INSIDE OF CELL 15

16. Membrane potential (mV)
Figure
Key
Na K
50
Membrane potential (mV)
Threshold
50 1
Resting potential
100
Figure The role of voltage-gated ion channels in the generation of an action potential.
Time
OUTSIDE OF CELL
Sodium channel
Potassium channel
INSIDE OF CELL
Inactivation loop 1
Resting state 16

17. Membrane potential (mV)
Figure
Key
Na K
50
Membrane potential (mV)
Threshold 2
50 1 2
Depolarization
Resting potential
100
Figure The role of voltage-gated ion channels in the generation of an action potential.
Time
OUTSIDE OF CELL
Sodium channel
Potassium channel
INSIDE OF CELL
Inactivation loop 1
Resting state 17

18. Rising phase of the action potential Membrane potential (mV)
Figure
Key
Na K 3
Rising phase of the action potential
50
Action potential 3
Membrane potential (mV)
Threshold 2
50 1 2
Depolarization
Resting potential
100
Figure The role of voltage-gated ion channels in the generation of an action potential.
Time
OUTSIDE OF CELL
Sodium channel
Potassium channel
INSIDE OF CELL
Inactivation loop 1
Resting state 18

19. Falling phase of the action potential 3
Figure
Key
Na K 4
Falling phase of the action potential 3
Rising phase of the action potential
50
Action potential 3
Membrane potential (mV)
Threshold 4 2
50 1 2
Depolarization
Resting potential
100
Figure The role of voltage-gated ion channels in the generation of an action potential.
Time
OUTSIDE OF CELL
Sodium channel
Potassium channel
INSIDE OF CELL
Inactivation loop 1
Resting state 19

20. Falling phase of the action potential 3
Figure
Key
Na K 4
Falling phase of the action potential 3
Rising phase of the action potential
50
Action potential 3
Membrane potential (mV)
Threshold 4 2
50 1 1 5 2
Depolarization
Resting potential
100
Figure The role of voltage-gated ion channels in the generation of an action potential.
Time
OUTSIDE OF CELL
Sodium channel
Potassium channel
INSIDE OF CELL
Inactivation loop 1
Resting state 5
Undershoot 20

21. Membrane potential (mV)
Figure 48.11a
50
Action potential 3
Membrane potential (mV) 2 4
Threshold
50 1
Figure The role of voltage-gated ion channels in the generation of an action potential. 1 5
Resting potential
100
Time 21

22. Axon Plasma membrane Action potential 1 Cytosol Action potential 2
Figure
Axon
Plasma membrane
Action potential 1
Cytosol
Na
Action potential K 2
Na
Figure Conduction of an action potential. K
Action potential K 3
Na K 22

24. Figure 49.9a
Figure 49.9 Exploring: The Organization of the Human Brain

25. Diencephalon Thalamus Pineal gland Brainstem Hypothalamus Midbrain
Figure 49.9d
Diencephalon
Thalamus
Pineal gland
Brainstem
Hypothalamus
Midbrain
Pituitary gland
Pons
Figure 49.9 Exploring: The Organization of the Human Brain
Medulla oblongata
Spinal cord

26. Left cerebral hemisphere Right cerebral hemisphere
Figure 49.9c
Left cerebral hemisphere
Right cerebral hemisphere
Cerebral cortex
Corpus callosum
Cerebrum
Basal nuclei
Figure 49.9 Exploring: The Organization of the Human Brain
Cerebellum
Adult brain viewed from the rear

27. Motor cortex (control of skeletal muscles)
Figure 49.15
Motor cortex (control of skeletal muscles)
Somatosensory cortex (sense of touch)
Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Prefrontal cortex (decision making, planning)
Sensory association cortex (integration of sensory information)
Visual association cortex (combining images and object recognition)
Broca’s area (forming speech)
Figure The human cerebral cortex.
Temporal lobe
Occipital lobe
Auditory cortex (hearing)
Visual cortex (processing visual stimuli and pattern recognition)
Cerebellum
Wernicke’s area (comprehending language)

28. Central Nervous System (information processing)
Figure 49.7
Central Nervous System (information processing)
Peripheral Nervous System
Afferent neurons
Efferent neurons
Autonomic nervous system
Motor system
Sensory receptors
Control of skeletal muscle
Figure 49.7 Functional hierarchy of the vertebrate peripheral nervous system.
Internal and external stimuli
Sympathetic division
Parasympathetic division
Enteric division
Control of smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, glands

29. Parasympathetic division Sympathetic division
Figure 49.8
Parasympathetic division
Sympathetic division
Action on target organs:
Action on target organs:
Constricts pupil of eye
Dilates pupil of eye
Inhibits salivary gland secretion
Stimulates salivary gland secretion
Sympathetic ganglia
Constricts bronchi in lungs
Relaxes bronchi in lungs
Cervical
Slows heart
Accelerates heart
Stimulates activity of stomach and intestines
Inhibits activity of stomach and intestines
Thoracic
Stimulates activity of pancreas
Inhibits activity of pancreas
Stimulates gallbladder
Stimulates glucose release from liver; inhibits gallbladder
Figure 49.8 The parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system.
Lumbar
Stimulates adrenal medulla
Promotes emptying of bladder
Inhibits emptying of bladder
Promotes erection of genitalia
Sacral
Promotes ejaculation and vaginal contractions
Synapse