Tissues Connective Tissue

the 3 primary germ layers Ectoderm Endoderm Mesoderm These give rise to all the basic tissues of the body

The four types of tissues. Epithelial Connective Muscle Nerve

glandular epithelium & how is it classified A gland is one or more cells that makes and secretes an aqueous fluid Classified by: Site of product release – endocrine or exocrine Relative number of cells forming the gland – unicellular or multicellular

Glandular epithelium – made up of cells that produce secretions

endocrine glands, what they secrete & how do they do it Ductless glands that produce hormones Secretions include amino acids, proteins, glycoproteins, and steroids “Stuff” goes directly into blood

exocrine glands, what they secrete & how do they do it More numerous than endocrine glands Secrete their products onto body surfaces (skin) or into body cavities Examples include mucous, sweat, oil, and salivary glands The only important unicellular gland is the goblet cell “stuff” goes through ducts Sebum from sebaceous gland secretes acid mantle on skin surface to kill bacteria

the major types of connective tissue & some examples Found throughout the body Connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, & blood All arise from the same stem cell

Endoderm becomes gastrointestinal tract, Endoderm becomes gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, endocrine glands and organs Mesoderm becomes bones, cartilage, blood, muscles Ectoderm becomes the nervous system and skin

the general functions of connective tissue Binding and support, protection, insulation, and transportation

the common characteristics of connective tissue Mesenchyme as their common tissue of origin Varying degrees of vascularity Nonliving extracellular matrix, consisting of ground substance and fibers Collagen is the main protein of ct

the major structural elements of connective tissue Ground substance – unstructured material that fills the space between cells Fibers – collagen (fibrous), elastic (elastin), or reticular (fibrous)

types of cells you find in connective tissue & where you find them Fibroblasts Chondroblasts Osteoblasts Hematopoietic stem cells Found in mesenchyme, derived from mesenchymal stem cells

Fibroblast

Chondroblast

Osteoblast

Hematopoietic stem cells

the two types of loose connective tissue proper given & what characterizes them Areolar connective tissue Gel-like matrix with all three connective tissue fibers Fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, and some white blood cells Wraps and cushions organs Widely distributed throughout the body

Areolar connective tissue (loose)

Loose connective Tissue Proper Adipose connective tissue Matrix similar to areolar connective tissue with closely packed adipocytes Reserves food stores, insulates against heat loss, and supports and protects Found under skin, around kidneys, within abdomen, and in breasts Local fat deposits serve nutrient needs of highly active organs

Adipose connective tissue (loose)

the two types of dense connective tissue proper & what characterizes them Regular Parallel collagen fibers with a few elastic fibers Major cell type is fibroblasts Attaches muscles to bone or to other muscles, and bone to bone Found in tendons, ligaments, and aponeuroses

Dense Regular (tendons)

Dense connective tissue proper Irregular Irregularly arranged collagen fibers with some elastic fibers Major cell type is fibroblasts Withstands tension in many directions providing structural strength Found in the dermis, submucosa of the digestive tract, and fibrous organ capsules

Dense irregular (fibrous dermis)

the 3 different types of cartilage: what they are made of, their functions & where you would find them Hyaline cartilage Elastic cartilage Fibrocartilage cartilage

1. Hyaline Cartilage Looks like jelly – does not heal and usually is cut out when injured with hope of gaining muscle to compensate for the loss Chondrocytes lie in lacunae (a small space containing an osteocyte in bone or chondrocyte in cartilage) Supports, reinforces, cushions, and resists compression

Hyaline cartilage Forms the costal cartilage Found in embryonic skeleton, the end of long bones, nose, trachea, and larynx

2. Elastic Cartilage Similar to hyaline cartilage but with more elastic fibers Maintains shape and structure while allowing flexibility Supports external ear (pinna) and the epiglottis

Elastic cartilage has “little eyes”

3. Fibrocartilage cartilage Matrix similar to hyaline cartilage but less firm with thick collagen fibers Provides tensile strength and absorbs compression shock Found in intervertebral discs, the pubic symphysis, and in discs of the knee joint

Fibrocartilage

the characteristics & functions of osseous tissue. Hard, calcified matrix with collagen fibers found in bone Osteocytes are found in lacunae and are well vascularized

Osseous Tissue

Osseous Tissue cont’d Supports, protects, and provides levers for muscular action Stores calcium, minerals, and fat Marrow inside bones is the site of hematopoiesis Bones will change shape with pressure: braces/jawbone, tight shoes/bunions, hammer toe

Bone marrow: 2 kinds Red marrow – site of hematopoiesis Yellow marrow – fat (this is why you make soup from bones)

hematopoietic bone marrow of flat bones  vertebrae, sternum, ribs, iliac. It represents 4-6% of body weight. The fatty degeneration of red bone marrow (RBM) (25%) into yellow bone marrow (YBM) (75%) is completed around age 21 years.

Red marrow C  hematopoietic tissue forming new blood cells.

Yellow marrow

the characteristics & functions of blood Red (carry O2, CO2) and white cells (defense) in a fluid matrix (plasma) Contained within blood vessels Functions in the transport of respiratory gases, nutrients, and wastes

Blood