© Nuffield Foundation 2011 Animal Ethics Animal Testing

© Nuffield Foundation 2011 WHAT ANIMALS? Part 1

© Nuffield Foundation 2011 “Animal testing hits a 14-year high” “Small rise in animal tests reveals ideological splits” Headlines “Animal experiments rise exposes gulf in attitudes”

© Nuffield Foundation 2011 Hundreds of sheep

© Nuffield Foundation 2011 Animals groups used in research

© Nuffield Foundation 2011 Monkeys, dogs and other mammals Animals drawn to show which groups are most used Monkeys, dogs and other mammals are too small to show.

© Nuffield Foundation 2011 Animals of each type used in research in 2005 Total number of animals used = 2.89 million Other mammals includes: Monkeys 4652 Dogs 7670 Sheep 29,329 Cats 500

© Nuffield Foundation 2011 Does the number of animals matter? Does the type of animal matter?

© Nuffield Foundation 2011 WHAT DO WE KNOW? Part 2

© Nuffield Foundation 2011 It is uncertain that …….. It is likely that ……. It is certain that …….

© Nuffield Foundation 2011 It is uncertain that …….. It is likely that ……. It is certain that …….

© Nuffield Foundation 2011 WHAT IS ANIMAL RESEARCH? Part 3

© Nuffield Foundation 2011 Advancing scientific knowledge Studying disease and developing medicines Assessing the safety of chemicals Breeding Destroying a gene in mice and studying how this affects their development and behaviour. Developing a vaccine for polio using mice. Testing a weedkiller on rats and dogs. Animals need to be bred with special characteristics for use in research. What is animal research?

© Nuffield Foundation 2011 Advancing scientific knowledge Destroying a gene in mice and studying how this affects their development and behaviour Studying disease and developing medicines Developing a vaccine for polio using mice Assessing the safety of chemicals Testing a weedkiller on rats and dogs Breeding Animals need to be bred with special characteristics for use in research So chemicals don’t do any harm to people who use them. To gain an understanding of how genes work. This might help develop treatments for genetic disorders. So vaccines can be developed to protect people from illness So lots of animals with the same characteristics are available for research Why?

© Nuffield Foundation 2011 Number of animals used for different types of research in 2005

© Nuffield Foundation 2011 ARE ANIMAL EXPERIMENTS PAINFUL? Part 4

© Nuffield Foundation 2011 Are animal experiments painful? What might lead to pain and distress in an animal used in experiments? Do you think animals experience pain and distress in the same way as humans?

© Nuffield Foundation 2011 The law divides experiments into four classes: Mild: slight adverse effects, e.g. taking blood samples Moderate: includes injections that cause a reaction and many surgical procedures, provided that suffering is controlled by effective pain relief and care Substantial: includes major surgery and testing chemicals which cause a significant level of pain or death Unclassified: when animals are put under anaesthetic before the experiment and are killed before they recover consciousness Are animal experiments painful?

© Nuffield Foundation 2011 An experiment that uses many animals but does not cause much pain or distress? or An experiment that uses one or two animals but is very painful? Which is worse?

© Nuffield Foundation 2011 Number of projects at each level of severity in 2005

© Nuffield Foundation 2011 How many experiments in the US are mild, moderate and substantial? We don’t know. We only know the numbers of mild, moderate and substantial projects, which is an average of many experiments e.g. 100 mild experiments + 10 substantial experiments = a moderate project Is this enough information?

© Nuffield Foundation 2011 REDUCING THE IMPACT Part 5

© Nuffield Foundation 2011 Refinement Finding different ways of carrying out procedures in order to reduce the pain, suffering and distress felt by animals used in research and testing—without reducing the quality of the evidence collected.

© Nuffield Foundation 2011 Refinement Finding different ways of carrying out procedures in order to reduce the pain, suffering and distress felt by animals used in research and testing—without reducing the quality of the evidence collected. Reduction Finding ways of reducing the number of animals that are used in research or testing, without reducing the quality of the evidence collected or reducing the quality of animal welfare.

© Nuffield Foundation 2011 Refinement Finding different ways of carrying out procedures in order to reduce the pain, suffering and distress felt by animals used in research and testing—without reducing the quality of the evidence collected. Reduction Finding ways of reducing the number of animals that are used in research or testing, without reducing the quality of the evidence collected or reducing the quality of animal welfare. Replacement Finding ways of replacing animal research with other methods that do not use live animals. Understanding animal behavior so scientists know when an animal is in pain or distressed. Steps can then be taken to relieve this.

© Nuffield Foundation 2011 Refinement Finding different ways of carrying out procedures in order to reduce the pain, suffering and distress felt by animals used in research and testing—without reducing the quality of the evidence collected. Reduction Finding ways of reducing the number of animals that are used in research or testing, without reducing the quality of the evidence collected or reducing the quality of animal welfare. Replacement Finding ways of replacing animal research with other methods that do not use live animals. Understanding animal behavior so scientists know when an animal is in pain or distressed. Steps can then be taken to relieve this.

© Nuffield Foundation 2011 Refinement Finding different ways of carrying out procedures in order to reduce the pain, suffering and distress felt by animals used in research and testing—without reducing the quality of the evidence collected. Reduction Finding ways of reducing the number of animals that are used in research or testing, without reducing the quality of the evidence collected or reducing the quality of animal welfare. Replacement Finding ways of replacing animal research with other methods that do not use live animals. Using liver cells that have been grown in a laboratory instead of live animals in experiments.

© Nuffield Foundation 2011 Refinement Finding different ways of carrying out procedures in order to reduce the pain, suffering and distress felt by animals used in research and testing—without reducing the quality of the evidence collected. Reduction Finding ways of reducing the number of animals that are used in research or testing, without reducing the quality of the evidence collected or reducing the quality of animal welfare. Replacement Finding ways of replacing animal research with other methods that do not use live animals. Using liver cells that have been grown in a laboratory instead of live animals in experiments.

© Nuffield Foundation 2011 Refinement Finding different ways of carrying out procedures in order to reduce the pain, suffering and distress felt by animals used in research and testing—without reducing the quality of the evidence collected. Reduction Finding ways of reducing the number of animals that are used in research or testing, without reducing the quality of the evidence collected or reducing the quality of animal welfare. Replacement Finding ways of replacing animal research with other methods that do not use live animals. Sharing data to make sure that tests are not duplicated by different organizations carrying out similar work.

© Nuffield Foundation 2011 Refinement Finding different ways of carrying out procedures in order to reduce the pain, suffering and distress felt by animals used in research and testing—without reducing the quality of the evidence collected. Reduction Finding ways of reducing the number of animals that are used in research or testing, without reducing the quality of the evidence collected or reducing the quality of animal welfare. Replacement Finding ways of replacing animal research with other methods that do not use live animals. Sharing data to make sure that tests are not duplicated by different organizations carrying out similar work.

© Nuffield Foundation 2011 Refinement Finding different ways of carrying out procedures in order to reduce the pain, suffering and distress felt by animals used in research and testing—without reducing the quality of the evidence collected. Reduction Finding ways of reducing the number of animals that are used in research or testing, without reducing the quality of the evidence collected or reducing the quality of animal welfare. Replacement Finding ways of replacing animal research with other methods that do not use live animals. The minimum amount of a substance should be injected into an animal and the smallest needle should be used.

© Nuffield Foundation 2011 Refinement Finding different ways of carrying out procedures in order to reduce the pain, suffering and distress felt by animals used in research and testing—without reducing the quality of the evidence collected. Reduction Finding ways of reducing the number of animals that are used in research or testing, without reducing the quality of the evidence collected or reducing the quality of animal welfare. Replacement Finding ways of replacing animal research with other methods that do not use live animals. The minimum amount of a substance should be injected into an animal and the smallest needle should be used.

© Nuffield Foundation 2011 Refinement Finding different ways of carrying out procedures in order to reduce the pain, suffering and distress felt by animals used in research and testing—without reducing the quality of the evidence collected. Reduction Finding ways of reducing the number of animals that are used in research or testing, without reducing the quality of the evidence collected or reducing the quality of animal welfare. Replacement Finding ways of replacing animal research with other methods that do not use live animals. Tests to check whether a substance will irritate the eyes of humans used to be carried out on rabbits. Most of these tests are now done in a test tube.

© Nuffield Foundation 2011 Refinement Finding different ways of carrying out procedures in order to reduce the pain, suffering and distress felt by animals used in research and testing—without reducing the quality of the evidence collected. Reduction Finding ways of reducing the number of animals that are used in research or testing, without reducing the quality of the evidence collected or reducing the quality of animal welfare. Replacement Finding ways of replacing animal research with other methods that do not use live animals. Tests to check whether a substance will irritate the eyes of humans used to be carried out on rabbits. Most of these tests are now done in a test tube.

© Nuffield Foundation 2011 Refinement Finding different ways of carrying out procedures in order to reduce the pain, suffering and distress felt by animals used in research and testing—without reducing the quality of the evidence collected. Reduction Finding ways of reducing the number of animals that are used in research or testing, without reducing the quality of the evidence collected or reducing the quality of animal welfare. Replacement Finding ways of replacing animal research with other methods that do not use live animals. Ensuring that scientists have a good understanding of statistics, so they don’t use more animals than are necessary to get reliable results.

© Nuffield Foundation 2011 Refinement Finding different ways of carrying out procedures in order to reduce the pain, suffering and distress felt by animals used in research and testing—without reducing the quality of the evidence collected. Reduction Finding ways of reducing the number of animals that are used in research or testing, without reducing the quality of the evidence collected or reducing the quality of animal welfare. Replacement Finding ways of replacing animal research with other methods that do not use live animals. Ensuring that scientists have a good understanding of statistics, so they don’t use more animals than are necessary to get reliable results.

© Nuffield Foundation 2011 Refinement Finding different ways of carrying out procedures in order to reduce the pain, suffering and distress felt by animals used in research and testing—without reducing the quality of the evidence collected. Reduction Finding ways of reducing the number of animals that are used in research or testing, without reducing the quality of the evidence collected or reducing the quality of animal welfare. Replacement Finding ways of replacing animal research with other methods that do not use live animals. Using computer programs to predict how human cells will react to a chemical rather than testing it on animals.

© Nuffield Foundation 2011 Refinement Finding different ways of carrying out procedures in order to reduce the pain, suffering and distress felt by animals used in research and testing—without reducing the quality of the evidence collected. Reduction Finding ways of reducing the number of animals that are used in research or testing, without reducing the quality of the evidence collected or reducing the quality of animal welfare. Replacement Finding ways of replacing animal research with other methods that do not use live animals. Using computer programs to predict how human cells will react to a chemical rather than testing it on animals.

© Nuffield Foundation 2011 Refinement Finding different ways of carrying out procedures in order to reduce the pain, suffering and distress felt by animals used in research and testing—without reducing the quality of the evidence collected. Reduction Finding ways of reducing the number of animals that are used in research or testing, without reducing the quality of the evidence collected or reducing the quality of animal welfare. Replacement Finding ways of replacing animal research with other methods that do not use live animals. Rats live together in communities in the wild, so they should be kept in groups in large cages rather than alone in shoebox-sized cages.

© Nuffield Foundation 2011 Refinement Finding different ways of carrying out procedures in order to reduce the pain, suffering and distress felt by animals used in research and testing—without reducing the quality of the evidence collected. Reduction Finding ways of reducing the number of animals that are used in research or testing, without reducing the quality of the evidence collected or reducing the quality of animal welfare. Replacement Finding ways of replacing animal research with other methods that do not use live animals. Rats live together in communities in the wild, so they should be kept in groups in large cages rather than alone in shoebox-sized cages.

© Nuffield Foundation 2011 WHAT DO PEOPLE THINK? Part 6

© Nuffield Foundation 2011

Part 1: Choose three perspectives and summarize them. Part 2: What’s your side? Justify your position. Include a picture!!