Preparing for the Civil War Cultural, Political, and Economic Gap between North and South

Current Political Tension Are there any correlations between current political tension and the tension that led to the Civil War? Are there any correlations between current political tension and the tension that led to the Civil War? Do you think a Civil War could occur today? Do you think a Civil War could occur today?

Historiography of Civil War How would each of the following schools of thought view the causes of the Civil War? How would each of the following schools of thought view the causes of the Civil War? - Progressivism - Liberalism - Liberalism - Republicanism - Republicanism - Multiculturalism - Multiculturalism

Cotton Production after the invention of Cotton Gin 1793

Ban on International Slave Trade Let the first of January, the day of the abolition of the slave trade in our country, be set apart in every year, as a day of publick thanksgiving for that mercy. Let the history of the sufferings of our brethren, and of their deliverance, descend by this means to our children, to the remotest generations. Let the first of January, the day of the abolition of the slave trade in our country, be set apart in every year, as a day of publick thanksgiving for that mercy. Let the history of the sufferings of our brethren, and of their deliverance, descend by this means to our children, to the remotest generations. A Thanksgiving sermon, preached January 1, 1808, in St. Thomas's (or the African Episcopal) Church, Philadelphia, by Absalom Jones

Slave Rebellions natturner/slave_rebellions.html natturner/slave_rebellions.html natturner/slave_rebellions.html natturner/slave_rebellions.html Constant fear in minds of South Constant fear in minds of South Plantation owners fear manumission / emancipation / abolition Plantation owners fear manumission / emancipation / abolition Demonstrates presence of religion, education, and organization amongst slaves Demonstrates presence of religion, education, and organization amongst slaves

Geographic Concentrations of Cotton Production

Concentration of enslaved populations in US

King Cotton Cotton 50% of American exports (1840) Cotton 50% of American exports (1840) –North and Britain benefited Monopolistic Monopolistic Financial instability Financial instability Dependence on a one-crop economy Dependence on a one-crop economy

Economics of Slavery Cost of Slaves Cost of Slaves –Fed on $0.10 a day –Field hands could cost by million slaves by million slaves by 1860 Slaves as investments ($2 billion by 1860) Slaves as investments ($2 billion by 1860) Profitable? Profitable? –Southern farms were 35-53% more efficient overall than Northern farms –By 1890 slave prices would have increased 50%

Regional Infrastructure South Some railroad development Some railroad development Less access to paved roads Less access to paved roads Dependent on North and Europe Dependent on North and EuropeNorth Railroad boom beginning Railroad boom beginning Numerous paved roads and canals Numerous paved roads and canals Not as dependent on Europe Not as dependent on Europe

Result South fails to industrialize South fails to industrialize South lacks manufactured goods South lacks manufactured goods North and Northwest connected more North and Northwest connected more

Growing Economic Differences- Overview North Industrial Revolution Industrial Revolution Hired Labor Hired Labor Canals, Turnpikes, Railroads Canals, Turnpikes, Railroads Favored Tariffs and Protectionism Favored Tariffs and Protectionism South South Agrarian Society Agrarian Society Slave Labor Slave Labor Lack of infrastructure Lack of infrastructure Against Tariffs- Nullification argument Against Tariffs- Nullification argument

Slavery VS. Industrialism South Guiding Principles- “Benevolent Paternalism” Guiding Principles- “Benevolent Paternalism” Old Order- Feudalism Old Order- Feudalism Based off of Ancient philosophies - Aristotle Based off of Ancient philosophies - Aristotle King Cotton- lack of economic diversity = dependence on slavery King Cotton- lack of economic diversity = dependence on slaveryNorth Guiding Principles-Free market capitalism Guiding Principles-Free market capitalism New Order / Social Mobility New Order / Social Mobility Based off of Enlightenment philosophies- Smith Based off of Enlightenment philosophies- Smith Industrial Rev- growing economic diversity = demands for competition Industrial Rev- growing economic diversity = demands for competition

Result North and South want to expand their economic systems North and South want to expand their economic systems Both encourage strict adherence to principles Both encourage strict adherence to principles Carries over into political and social divisions between North and South Carries over into political and social divisions between North and South

Frederick Douglass Speech Tone of the early part of the speech: Tone of the early part of the speech: What, to the American slave, is your 4th of July? I answer; a day that reveals to him, more than all other days in the year, the gross injustice and cruelty to which he is the constant victim. To him, your celebration is a sham; your boasted liberty, an unholy license; your national greatness, swelling vanity; your sound of rejoicing are empty and heartless; your denunciation of tyrants brass fronted impudence; your shout of liberty and equality, hollow mockery; your prayers and hymns, your sermons and thanks-givings, with all your religious parade and solemnity, are to him, mere bombast, fraud, deception, impiety, and hypocrisy -- a thin veil to cover up crimes which would disgrace a nation of savages. There is not a nation on the earth guilty of practices more shocking and bloody than are the people of the United States, at this very hour. What, to the American slave, is your 4th of July? I answer; a day that reveals to him, more than all other days in the year, the gross injustice and cruelty to which he is the constant victim. To him, your celebration is a sham; your boasted liberty, an unholy license; your national greatness, swelling vanity; your sound of rejoicing are empty and heartless; your denunciation of tyrants brass fronted impudence; your shout of liberty and equality, hollow mockery; your prayers and hymns, your sermons and thanks-givings, with all your religious parade and solemnity, are to him, mere bombast, fraud, deception, impiety, and hypocrisy -- a thin veil to cover up crimes which would disgrace a nation of savages. There is not a nation on the earth guilty of practices more shocking and bloody than are the people of the United States, at this very hour.

Frederick Douglass Speech Continued Change in tone by conclusion: Change in tone by conclusion: Allow me to say, in conclusion, notwithstanding the dark picture I have this day presented, of the state of the nation, I do not despair of this country. There are forces in operation which must inevitably work the downfall of slavery. "The arm of the Lord is not shortened," and the doom of slavery is certain. I, therefore, leave off where I began, with hope. While drawing encouragement from "the Declaration of Independence," the great principles it contains, and the genius of American Institutions, my spirit is also cheered by the obvious tendencies of the age. Nations do not now stand in the same relation to each other that they did ages ago. No nation can now shut itself up from the surrounding world and trot round in the same old path of its fathers without interference. The time was when such could be done. Long established customs of hurtful character could formerly fence themselves in, and do their evil work with social impunity. Knowledge was then confined and enjoyed by the privileged few, and the multitude walked on in mental darkness. Allow me to say, in conclusion, notwithstanding the dark picture I have this day presented, of the state of the nation, I do not despair of this country. There are forces in operation which must inevitably work the downfall of slavery. "The arm of the Lord is not shortened," and the doom of slavery is certain. I, therefore, leave off where I began, with hope. While drawing encouragement from "the Declaration of Independence," the great principles it contains, and the genius of American Institutions, my spirit is also cheered by the obvious tendencies of the age. Nations do not now stand in the same relation to each other that they did ages ago. No nation can now shut itself up from the surrounding world and trot round in the same old path of its fathers without interference. The time was when such could be done. Long established customs of hurtful character could formerly fence themselves in, and do their evil work with social impunity. Knowledge was then confined and enjoyed by the privileged few, and the multitude walked on in mental darkness.

Political Differences North Federal Government Federal Government Free Soil Party Free Soil Party Abolitionists Abolitionists Republican Party Republican Party Death of Whigs Death of WhigsSouth States’ Rights States’ Rights Popular Sovereignty Popular Sovereignty Fire Eaters Fire Eaters Nullification Nullification Divisions in Democratic Party Divisions in Democratic Party

Ineffective Presidents Zachary Taylor Whig (dies in office) Zachary Taylor Whig (dies in office) Millard Fillmore Whig Millard Fillmore Whig Franklin Pierce Democratic Franklin Pierce Democratic James Buchanan Democratic James Buchanan Democratic 1848 and Free Soil Candidate Know Nothing or Nativist Candidate

Compromise of 1850 CA free state CA free state Other territories from Mexico- popular sovereignty Other territories from Mexico- popular sovereignty Wash D.C. end of slave trade Wash D.C. end of slave trade Fugitive Slave Fugitive Slave Challenges Missouri Compromise Challenges Missouri Compromise

Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854 Negates Missouri Compromise Negates Missouri Compromise Unofficial deal Nebraska Free and Kansas slave Unofficial deal Nebraska Free and Kansas slave Popular Sovereignty= Bleeding of Kansas Popular Sovereignty= Bleeding of Kansas Lecompton Constitution Controversy Lecompton Constitution Controversy

Dred Scott Court Case 1857 Dred Scott lived in Free State / Territory moved to slave state Dred Scott lived in Free State / Territory moved to slave state Supreme Court ruled against Scott Supreme Court ruled against Scott Supreme Court determines slaves are property not citizens Supreme Court determines slaves are property not citizens African Americans cannot be citizens- Chief Justice Taney African Americans cannot be citizens- Chief Justice Taney Congress cannot make laws about slavery Congress cannot make laws about slavery Missouri Compromise, Compromise of 1850 and Kansas Nebraska Act - unconstitutional Missouri Compromise, Compromise of 1850 and Kansas Nebraska Act - unconstitutional

Panic of 1857 Financial Crisis in North Financial Crisis in North Speculation bottoms out Speculation bottoms out Grain surplus Grain surplus South protected by cotton industry South protected by cotton industry South becomes more confident of economic independence South becomes more confident of economic independence

Lincoln Douglas Debates 1858 Illinois Senatorial Debates Illinois Senatorial Debates Thousands of People came to watch Thousands of People came to watch Douglas takes advantage of Lincoln’s inexperience at first Douglas takes advantage of Lincoln’s inexperience at first Douglas- popular sovereignty and fear mongering Douglas- popular sovereignty and fear mongering Lincoln- immorality of slavery and illogical nature of popular sovereignty Lincoln- immorality of slavery and illogical nature of popular sovereignty Lincoln does not call for equality Lincoln does not call for equality Lincoln loses the battle but wins the war Lincoln loses the battle but wins the war

John Brown’s Raid on Harpers Ferry 1859 Brown led a raid on armory Brown led a raid on armory Failed slave rebellion Failed slave rebellion Executed for Treason Executed for Treason Enraged North and South (for different reasons) Enraged North and South (for different reasons)

Popular Portrayals of John Brown

Election of 1860

Election of 1860 Consequences Lincoln wins close election Lincoln wins close election Divisions help Lincoln Divisions help Lincoln South is ready for Secession South is ready for Secession

Cultural Differences North Socially Diverse Socially Diverse Protestant Protestant Work Ethic Work Ethic Valued Labor Valued Labor Popularity of Uncle Tom’s Cabin Popularity of Uncle Tom’s CabinSouth Aristocracy Aristocracy “Heirs to European Society” “Heirs to European Society” Ancient Republics’ negative view of labor Ancient Republics’ negative view of labor