©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter CJ 240: Legal Issues in Corrections Instructor: Patrick Coughlin Seminar: Mondays 10:00 p.m. EST

©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter Tips  Discussion Boards  Post Early and Often  100+ words  Assignments

©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter Corrections as a Part of the Criminal Justice System  Three major components of the system:  Police  Courts  Corrections

©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter Corrections as a Part of the Criminal Justice System  Once arrested, found guilty, and sentenced within the range of punishment designated under the state penal code, correctional agencies carry out the sentence

©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter Corrections as a Part of the Criminal Justice System  Correctional agencies supervise offenders released during the pretrial process as well  Three governmental levels of correctional systems:  Federal  State  Local (county and city)

©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter The Mission of Corrections  Carry out the sentence of the court  To protect society  Surveillance and control of offenders  Treatment and rehabilitation  Incapacitation

©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter Correctional Policy  Expectations of correctional systems  Punish criminals  Prevent crime through deterrence and incapacitation  Reduce propensity to commit future crimes through correctional treatment

©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter Correctional Funnel  The correctional system handles a small percentage of criminals, thereby making it difficult to achieve such high goals  Out of 10,265,000 felonies reported, only 95% are convicted and 38% are sent to prison

©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter Why Should Students Study Corrections?  Corrections is a “booming business”  The number of people under correctional supervision has increased over the years  Over 6 million by the end of 20 th century

©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter Theories of Crime and Punishment Classical School  Founder, Cesare Beccaria–Essays on Crime and Punishment (1764)  Purpose of punishment is prevention of crime  Certainty and swiftness of punishment  Emphasis on free will

©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter Classical School  Jeremy Bentham ( )–created concept of hedonistic calculus  Hedonistic calculus–objective of an intelligent man is to seek the most pleasure and the least pain  To prevent crime, punishments should outweigh pleasure derived from the criminal act Theories of Crime and Punishment

©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter Positive School  Founder, Cesare Lombroso  Study of physical traits and criminality  Atavism–existence of features common in early stages of human evolution  Criminals are born Theories of Crime and Punishment

©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter Neoclassical School  Founder, Gabriel Tarde  No one has complete free will; influenced by gender, age, and social and economic factors Theories of Crime and Punishment

©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter Early Responses to Crime  Transportation–remove offenders from society (17 th and 18 th centuries)  Corporal and capital punishment  Gaols–jails holding defendants awaiting trial

©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter The Development of the Prison  William Penn, Quaker reformer  The Walnut Street Jail  Wing of jail converted to house sentenced offenders  Hard work, doing penance; hence the term penitentiary

©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter  The Auburn System  “Congregate and silent” system  Allowed production of goods and more income for the state  This approach was used in most American jails in first half of 19 th century The Development of the Prison

©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter Prisons Throughout the Last Two Centuries  Reformatory Era ( )–focused on education and vocational programs  Industrial Prison Era ( )–prison- made products

©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter Prisons Throughout the Last Two Centuries  The Period of Transition ( )– lack of programs, idleness, overcrowding, discontent  Rehabilitative Era ( )  Medical model–offenders are “sick”  Reintegration

©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter Prisons Throughout the Last Two Centuries  Retributive Era ( present)  Fueled by “nothing works” review by Robert Martinson in the 1970s  Called for need to be “tough” on criminals  Return to Classical School of criminology

©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter Sentencing Goals for Corrections  Punishment  Deterrence  Incapacitation  Rehabilitation  Restitution