BELLWORK 1.In 3-5 sentences, explain how the League of Nations operated. (members, structure, decisions, punishment, etc.) 2.Why did the League use sanctions? Do you think this is an effective form of punishment? 3.Even though the LofN was President Wilson’s idea, the U.S. does not join….why? How did this weaken the League? 4.Besides the U.S., which other nations were excluded from the League? Why? How did their absence impact the strength of the League? 5.Analyze the documents on page 91 – what are the most significant problems caused by the absence of major powers? 6.Describe the attempts made by France to strengthen the League. Why did these attempts fail? 7.THINKER: What similarities do you see between the League of Nations and the United Nations? Are there similar problems?

A new Canadian PM! Justin Trudeau and the liberals take over Parliament! Ends the conservative party and Stephen Harper’s 10 year rule in Canada dian-election/index.html

Are sanctions effective? Do you know of any current US sanctions? center/sanctions/Programs/Pages/Progra ms.aspxhttp:// center/sanctions/Programs/Pages/Progra ms.aspx

What similarities do you see between the League of Nations and the United Nations? Are there similar problems?

Successes/Failures of the League With a partner, analyze the list of disputes on page 93. List which ones could be considered successes and which ones were failures. Are there any common factors that help explain the successes and failures? What lessons could be drawn for the 1930’s from the challenges that had faced the League in the 1920’s?

The Failure of Collective Security A League working together to promote security or an alliance of victors???

Group Activity – Failures of the League Today, the class will be divided into five groups. Each group will be assigned a different crisis that showed the failure of “collective security” and ineffectiveness of the League. Your task: Read/research your crisis and organize a presentation to teach the class –Ruhr Crisis –The Locarno Era –Manchurian Incident –Abyssinian Crisis –Failure of Disarmament You may make reference to the reading – pictures, documents, graphs, etc. As you present, the class will fill in the note sheet, so make sure all points are addressed!

Ruhr Crisis

The Ruhr Crisis In your opinion, what should the League have done to prevent this crisis?

The Rapallo Treaty Ratified 10/26/23 Signed by Germany and Soviet Union Introduced diplomatic relations and pledged future cooperation Denounced reparations Close economic cooperation Included Germany’s relations with Soviet republics – Ukraine, Belarus, Armenia, & Georgia. Military cooperation  allowed Germany to rearm and train secretly in Russia Made Allies more determined to win over Germany Failure of League to prevent alliances Chancellor of Germany Joseph Wirth (2 nd from left) with Krassin, Georgi Chicherin and Joffe from the Russian delegation

The Locarno Conference From left to right, Gustav Stresemann (Germany), Austen Chamberlain (England) and Aristide Briand (France) during the Locarno negotiations

The Locarno Conference

Three Plans = Possible Diplomacy? Dawes Plan (1924) – US economist Charles Dawes produced a report on German reparations: –Reparations guaranteed by German railways and industries –US reparations agent would reside in Germany –Payments were reduced Young Plan (1929) – Attempt to redress some of the problems of Dawes Plan: –Reduced total sum to be repaid by Germany –Set date for completion of payments – 1988 –Continued US involvement in reparation payments Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928) – Secretary of State William Kellogg and French Foreign Minister Aristide Briand –Said war was NOT an instrument of national policy –War is NOT a solution  encouraged diplomacy –Signed by 62 of the 64 invited countries (Brazil & Argentina declined)

The Depression’s Effect on the League of Nations

Manchurian Incident

Japanese Expansion

The Manchurian Incident In your opinion, what should the League have done to prevent this crisis?

Review: Manchurian Incident Why did Japan invade Manchuria? How did the League attempt to stop Japan’s expansion? How did Japan respond? Why did the League fail to resolve the crisis? How did the Manchurian incident impact Japanese militarism? Could the League have done anything differently?

Abyssinian Crisis Emperor Selassie inspecting troops prepared for the invasion

Abyssinian Crisis

Emperor Selassie’s Plea to the League – June 1936 “I ask the fifty-two nations, who have given the Ethiopian people a promise to help them in their resistance to the aggressor, what are they willing to do for Ethiopia? And the great Powers who have promised the guarantee of collective security to small States on whom weighs the threat that they may one day suffer the fate of Ethiopia, I ask what measures do you intend to take?”

Violations to the Covenant of the League of Nations Article X: Assistance will be given to any member nation that experiences external aggression. Article XV: Disputes will be settled through arbitration Article XVI: Should any member resort to war, it shall be deemed to have committed an act of war against all other Members of the League, which hereby undertake immediately the severance of all trade or financial relation (collective security) “What real assistance was given to Ethiopia by the fifty two nations who had declared the Rome Government guilty of a breach of the Covenant and had undertaken to prevent the triumph of the aggressor?” “Should it happen that a strong Government finds it may with impunity destroy a weak people, then the hour strikes for that weak people to appeal to the League of Nations to give its judgment in all freedom. God and history will remember your judgment.”

The Abyssinian Crisis In your opinion, what should the League have done to prevent this crisis?

Failure of Disarmament Washington Conference – 1921 London Naval Conference – 1930 London Naval Treaty – 1936 Geneva Disarmament Conference – 1932 Scrapping Battleships

Failure of Disarmament

Review With a partner, list FIVE main reasons the League of Nations failed. Then, rank them from 1 – 5 (1 is the biggest problem!) Be ready to discuss!