Skeletal System

General Info Adult human has 206 bones Does everyone have 206 Bones?

Functions of Bones Framework Protection Levers Supports muscle, fat and skin Protection Surrounds vital organs Ex: skull, ribs, pelvis Levers Muscles attach to bones to provide movement Production of blood cells Red and white blood cells and platelets Storage Calcium

Bone Anatomy Long Bones Shaft – diaphysis 2 ends – epiphysis Layers Periosteum Medullary canal red marrow yellow marrow Endosteum

Skeleton Sections Axial Appendicular Main Trunk Extremities Composed of skull, spinal column, ribs and breastbone Appendicular Extremities Shoulder girdle, arm bones, pelvic girdle, leg bones

Bones of the Body Skull

Fontanels Soft Spots – allow the skull to enlarge as the brain grows

Sinuses Air spaces in the bones Act as resonating chambers for the voice Lined with mucous membranes

Ribs 12 Pairs True ribs False ribs Floating ribs First 7 pairs Attach to thoracic vertebrae and sternum False ribs Next 5 pairs Attach to the thoracic vertebrae and to the cartilage of the ribs above Floating ribs Last 2 pairs of false ribs Have no attachment in the front

Sternum Three parts Manubrium Body Xiphoid process

Spinal Column 24 Vertebrae + sacrum and coccyx

Spinal Section Reference Cervical C1 to C7 Thoracic T1 to T 12 Lumbar L1 to L5 Sacral Coccyx

Shoulder Girdle Each side composed of 1 clavicle 1 scapula

Arm Bones Humerus Ulna Radius Upper arm bone Lower arm bone On thumb side

Wrist, Hand and Fingers Wrist Hand Fingers 8 carpals 5 Metacarpals Palm of the hand Fingers 14 Phalanges

Pelvic Girdle Composed of 2 sides Ilium, ischium and the pubis

Upper Leg Bones Femur Largest bone in the body

Lower Leg Bones Tibia Fibula Patella Large lower leg bone Small lower leg bone On lateral side Patella Knee cap

Ankle, Foot and Toes Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges Calcaneous 7 bones Instep Phalanges 14 bones Toes Calcaneous Heel bone

Joints Area where 2 or more bones come together Held together by ligaments Types Ball and socket Hinge Slightly movable Immovable Pivot Gliding Saddle

Types of Joints

Diseases Arthritis Inflammation of the joint Types Terms Osteoarthritis Rheumatoid Terms Acute Chronic

Fracture Greenstick Common in children Bone bent and splits

Simple and Compound Fractures Clean break in the bone Compound Bone breaks and pierces skin

Spiral Fracture

Impacted Fracture Comminuted Fracture

Depressed Fracture

Treatment of Fractures Reduction Closed

Open Reduction

Bone Repair

Dislocation A bone is forcibly displaced from a joint

Dislocation

Sprain Twisting action tears ligaments

Osteoporosis Softening of bone due to lack of calcium

Curvatures of the Spine Scoliosis lateral curvature of the spine

Lordosis Swayback Inward curve of the cervical and lumbar region

Kyphosis Hunchback Rounding or bowing of the back of the thoracic spine

Vocabulary arthro- joint chondro- cartilage cost- rib crani- skull carp- wrist myelo- bone marrow, spinal cord osse-, ossi-, oste-, osteo - bone -ectomy surgical removal of -otomy to cut into -osis condition

Skeleton Jokes Why doesn't a skeleton play music in a church? He has no organ What does a skeleton order at a restaurant? Spare Ribs

The End