USDA - NASA Workshop Air Quality Focus Area March 4-5, 2003

“AG and AQ” Agriculture and Air Quality: Two Views - Agricultural contributions to Air Quality - Air Quality effects on Agricultural productivity USDA concern for air quality relates to: - Regulatory environment (incl. Clean Air Act & Wilderness Act) - Human, livestock, and ecosystem health - Agricultural yield and production - Forest and rangeland management - Protection of Class I areas - Transboundary & Intercontinental Transport of Pollution

“AG and AQ” USDA concern for air quality relates to: - Regulatory environment (incl. Clean Air Act & Wilderness Act) - Human, livestock, and ecosystem health - Agricultural yield and production - Forest and rangeland management - Protection of Class I areas - Transboundary & Intercontinental Transport of Pollution With improved data and models (at scale necessary – down to 1 acre): USDA can improve the recommendations it makes to the farming & resource management community.

Policy and Management Primary USDA AQ management issues: What is agriculture’s contribution to ambient levels of National Ambient Air Quality Standards - NAAQS set by EPA - USDA support to farmers on compliance How can agriculture quantify the effectiveness of conservation practice standards and other abatement strategies? How does Air Pollution effect Class I areas?

USDA Policy & Program Needs  Aerosols - PM 10 and 2.5, precursors (NH3), visibility  Ozone - including VOCs, NOx  Greenhouse Gases (GHGs)  Odor  Impact on agriculture and forestry - secondary immediacy - primary immediacy for Class I areas

State of Research - Aerosol USDA: Understands control & management of PM relative to wind transport (research continuing) Modeling of PM10 from fields in tons/1K feet of field boundary Measurement/Modeling of area and select point sources (fires, ginning, ag fields) Emissions factors for smoke & best practices for smoke management; USFS modeling of smoke NASA: Global/regional/local spatial distribution (25-40 km) Vertical distribution w/in 150m More intense the plume, the easier to characterize Fire detection - MODIS products (on going with USFS) Models:Global - to ½ degree (e.g GEOS) Meso/Regional - to 1km (e.g. MM5) Local - <1 km (other agencies - DOE, NOAA) Missions/Sensors: MODIS & MISR

June 23June 24 June 25June 26 MODIS Sensor aboard the Terra Satellite Captures a PM Transport Event in June High Aerosol Optical Depth over upper mid-West moves East, then out to the Atlantic Ocean. Initial Analysis of MODIS AOD data for Air Quality Applications related to PM 2.5 in the US

PM hr. average Source: LaRC/USEPA Air Quality Applications Group Time Series Analysis of EPA hourly PM2.5 Concentrations (Surface Monitor) and Aerosol Optical Depth in Coincident MODIS pixel NASA MODIS AOD can provide the pseudo-synoptic view of aerosol events in near-real-time across North America unlike any other measurement. NASA and EPA are working together to evaluate and prototype an integrated near- real-time product using MODIS AOD and hourly PM2.5 TEOM measurements

MODIS Satellite Sensor captures formation and transport of PM event Sept. 8 through 13 Aerosol Optical Depth September 13, 2002-plume transported from Great Lakes region results in elevated PM2.5 levels in Houston AQI exceeds 100 for 3 days Source: LaRC/USEPA Air Quality Applications Group

State of Research - Ozone USDA: Understand plant responses to ozone Emission factors - limited to off-road engines; Understands basic soil biological processes of nitrogen gases Operate UV-B networks – correlate with TOMS ozone Field networks using passive/active ozone monitors Understand interactions between ozone and CO2 fertilization NASA: Observe/model the large scale patterns Satellites can observe soil NOx in agricultural belts - Not to individual agricultural areas/practices Underestimation between measurement and models on NOx Limited information available regarding the boundary layer. Identification/documentation of major/catastrophic events - e.g. long range transport of dust and biomass burning Expected near term capabilities: daily retrievals at 25 km Missions/Sensors: TOMS GOME & Schiamacy (European – support proof of concept) Aura (OMI / TES) – Launch in 2004

ENHANCED NO 2 OVER MIDWEST DURING JULY INDICATIVE OF SOIL NO X EMISSIONS GOME Tropospheric NO 2 Columns

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN NOx MODELS and OBSERVATIONS Martin et al., 2003

DETERMINE NO X AND VOC EMISSIONS AT HIGHER RESOLUTION Higher resolution enables more accurate retrieval

Gaps in Knowledge & Research Aerosols USDA needs aerosols at <1km resolution. Need particle size distribution and source speciation – significant improvements expected 2006/2007) Develop/maintain consistent observations over same geographic regions to observe trends (multiple obs. over many years) NH3 emission factors – with daily and climatic variations at local/regional levels – NASA can provide ¼ to ½ degree to support modeling regional/local efforts Improved dispersion models developed or adapted for agricultural purposes – NASA models down to ground level – USDA can approach other agencies (NOAA, DOE) to go to ground level – NASA can contribute better weather data to the models Emission factors & source strength of ag/forestry activities and their validation Characterization of speciation/distribution relative to animal feeding operations as sources Information needed on Class I area impacts

Gaps in Knowledge & Research Ozone  VOC emissions for agriculture not completely understood Higher resolution of ozone profiles needed - 3-D spatial and temporal - Need at least 2 points in and out of boundary layer Ground-based upward-looking instrument/network - for CO2, CH4, CO, HCHO, O3 Ozone environment and UV-B climatology

Collaborative Efforts Aerosols Boundary conditions to models - NASA help define boundary conditions - Initial conditions and transport regimes (e.g. airsheds) PM potential emissions inventory - NASA aerosol distributions coupled with - USDA datasets (soils, land-cover, management practices) Ground measurement of soil moisture - USDA - SCAN and others - NASA - satellite measurement (GWEX) Earth Science inputs to agricultural air quality models - evapotranspiration, surface heat flux, weather, etc. · Earth science inputs to smoke management plans & activities · Earth science inputs to regional haze · Above ground biomass (3-D) as input to modeling Inverse modeling and dispersion modeling

Collaborative Efforts Ozone Connect Ground and Air/Spaceborne sensors - USDA UV-B networks & NASA TOMS/Ozone/NOx activities Emissions inventories & boundary conditions - NASA help define for models (satellite and airborne) Field Campaigns - Add USDA role to NASA’s North American Field Campaign for Air Quality and greenhouse gases - NASA technical expertise and instruments - USDA field personnel - Instruments and sensors, such as ozone-sondes Airborne system for small scale process studies - especially exploiting LIDAR · Ozone impacts to Class I areas Inverse modeling and dispersion modeling

Platform multipleERS-2TerraENVISATSpace station AuraTBD Sensor TOMSAVHRR/S eaWIFS GOMEMOPITTMODIS/ MISR SCIAMA CHY MIPASSAGE-3TESOMIMLSCALIPSOOCO Launch O3O3 NN/LLL NL CONN/LL CO 2 N/LN NOL NO 2 NN/LN HNO 3 LL CH 4 N/LN HCHONN/LN SO 2 NN/LN BrONN/LN HCNL aerosolNNNNLNN PRESENT AND FUTURE SATELLITE OBSERVATIONS OF TROPOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY Increasing spatial resolution

Summary  USDA immediate interest is to help farmers & resource managers respond to air quality regulations and quantify agricultural contribution to air quality/pollution  Gaps in satellite’s ability to observe emissions from individual agricultural activities from space. Potential to observe with airborne assets & improve emissions inventories needed for models  There are significant differences in temporal and spatial resolutions needed and available from observations and model outputs.  By and large, NASA approaches air quality issues from above (air/space) while USDA approaches the issues from the ground  Connection with EPA on Air Quality models is necessary - NASA and EPA already collaborating on data & models  Significant opportunities for collaboration, such as USDA providing ground- truthing to air quality models and airborne/space data