Create a T-chart. On one side list the advantages for the United States of immigration. On the other side list the disadvantages for the United States of immigration.

 Objective: To understand the rise of immigration between 1880 and 1920 and it divided the cities according to race, ethnicity, and class.  EQ:

 Three immigrants: ◦ Why are you immigrating to the US?  Three native- born: ◦ What are some advantages of having these immigrants come to the US? ◦ What are some disadvantages? IMMIGRATE

 23 million immigrants  Southern and Eastern Europe  Between 1880 and 1923  Young, male Catholic or Jewish  Unskilled workers, agriculture  All brought hopes, their hard work, and unique contributions to America

Push Factors:  Economic decline in Europe  Natural disasters, earthquakes, volcanoes, crop diseases  Rising populations  Political and religious persecution Pull Factors  Letters from family  Businesses recruiting

 While watching the clip notice the differences in conditions between those who travel in steerage class and those in first class

 passengers  8 – 14 days  1 toilet for every 100 people in steerage  Very uncomfortable conditions  Straw stuffed mattresses  Crammed, diseases

 Lady Liberty  “Isle of tears”  New York harbor  “Give me your tired, your poor, your huddled masses yearning to be free, the wretched refuse of your teeming shore. Send these, the homeless tempest-tossed to me, I lift my lamp beside the golden door.”

 First and second class could leave  Steerage would undergo inspections  Number on their backs  “open door policy” except those sick or who would require public assistance  Medical exam took an hour  Examine the entire body  Letters in chalk on back: “H” (heart). “X” (mental) etc

 Page 129

 Final inspection  32 questions asked: Name? Married or single? Money? How much? Relative? Family? Prison? Poor house?  Names were often changed  For example:  Kapelovich = Kapel  Few were denied entrance but 2% were sent back  Some were quarantined

 While watching this clip indentify features of Ellis Island that we have already talked about.

 2/3 of the immigrants settled in cities  Most lived in ethnic enclaves  Provided a sense of community: customs, food, languages of their homelands  Catholic churches and Jewish synagogues

 Cities were not equipped to handle so many  Streets flooded with waste, inadequate sewers  Tenements: run-down, low-rent apartment buildings  Typical tenement: (you do not need to write this down) ◦ 6 floors ◦ 4 apartments per floor ◦ Each apartment had 4 rooms ◦ Each room had 10 people (x2)= 20 ◦ 20(4 rooms) = 80, 80(4 apartments per floor)= 320 ◦ 320 (6 floors)= 1920 (960 day, 960 night)

 Crowded conditions produced illness and fire danger  No windows or ventilation  Some immigrants did move to rural areas ◦ Some Italians went to California’s wine regions ◦ Some Greeks went to Florida’s fishing areas

 Most went for industrial jobs 1. They had no desire to return to agricultural work 2. There were many industrial jobs and they required no skills 3. Industrial jobs were plentiful  Immigrants were exploited  Made from $1.25 to $4.00 week  2011 dollars $28.00 to $92.00

 Despite all of this immigrants were better off economically than they had been in Europe

 Nativism  Americans saw immigrants with fear, hostility and suspicion.  Worked to restrict the number of immigrants entering  Laws were enacted: Dillingham Bill passed in 1921 established quotas  End of America’s “open door” policy End of the greatest wave of immigrants in America’s history