GLOBE PROTOCOLS By: Angela Gonyer, Noah Hughes, Tyy Williams, Eli Lopez, and Ariana Viray

Cloud Cover and Contrail Cover Task At Hand: Observe the amount of clouds and contrails covering the sky. Items needed: Atmosphere investigation data sheet or cloud data sheet or aerosol data sheet, and the GLOBE cloud chart. What to do in the field: 1.Complete the top section of the data sheet 2.Look at the sky in every direction 3.Estimate how much of the sky is covered by clouds and not contrails. 4.Match the cloud and contrail classifications as best as you can.

How To Classify Cloud Cover Cloud Classifications: 1.no clouds ― 0% 2.clear or some present clouds ― 10% 3.isolated clouds ― 10% ‒ 25% 4.scattered clouds ― 25% ‒ 50% 5.broken clouds ― 50% ‒ 90% 6.overcastclouds ― more than 90% * obscured: where clouds can’t be observed b/c the sky can’t be clearly seen ― 25% * The two contrail types are short lived and persistent.

How to Classify Contrail Cover Contrail Classifications: 1.none ― 0% 2.some present ― 0% ‒ 10% 3.contrails covering 1/10 to 1/4 of sky ― 10% ‒ 25% 4.covering 1/4 to 1/2 of sky ― 25%-50% 5.covering more than 1/2 of sky ― less than 50% * obscured contrails ― 25% * The two contrail types are short lived and persistent.

Temperature: Steps: 1.Determine an appropriate time of reset for the average time of local solar noon for your area. 2.Before your desired time of reset, open up the instrument shelter and the cover flap of the digital max/min thermometer. 3.At your desired time of reset, use a nail or the tip of a pen to press in and release the reset button. (ASK BRADLEY IF YOU NEED TO RESET) 4.The digital display screen will flash and then begin reading the current temp. Record the exact time of day. 5.Report your time of reset and the date to GLOBE in both local and Universal time.

Precipitation - Rainfall Steps: 1.Read level of water in rain gauge. Be sure to be eye level and read level at the bottom. 2.Record rainfall to nearest 1/10 of a millimeter ● no water in the rain gauge report 0.0 mm ● less than 0.5 mm, record “T” for trace ● if any spilled put “M”, for missing as the amount 3.Pour water into sampling jar and cover for pH measurement

4.Overflow in tube: A. Remove measuring tube from overflow tube B. Read water level of meniscus while at eye level C. Record amount to nearest 1/10 of a millimeter D. Pour water from measuring tube into container for pH measurement E. Pour water from overflow tube into measuring tube. F. Repeat steps B through E until overflow tube is empty G. Add measurements and record sum as rainfall amount 5.Record number of days rain has accumulated in gauge 6.Perform appropriate precip. pH lab guide (depending type of pH measuring device and salt you’re using) 7.Dry the rain gauge and remount it on its post Precipitation - Rainfall Continued

Precipitation - PH 1.Put on latex gloves 2.Calibrate pH meter according to instrument instructions using pH buffers. Be sure to use enough standard to completely cover tip of electrode. 3.Rinse electrode thoroughly w/ distilled water. Any remaining standard can contaminate the sample. 4.Pour 50 mL sample of rain from your sample jar into clean beaker, must have at least 30 mL of sample to measure pH. 5.Sprinkle salt onto appropriate circle on salt card. If rain sample is mL, use large 5 mm circle of salt card. If rain is mL, use the small 4 mm circle

Precipitation - PH Continued 6.Stir contents in beaker thoroughly with stirring rod or spoon until salt is dissolved. 7. Follow instructions and take pH of sample 8.If you have at least 30 mL of rain left in sample jar then repeat steps 4-7. Or, repeat step 7. Continue until you have collected 3 pH measurements. 9.Calculate average of the 3 pH measurements. 10.Make sure that each measurement is within 0.2 pH units of average. If not 0.2 units average, repeat measurements. 11.Rinse the beakers and sample jar three times with distilled water.

Humidity Steps: 1.Place the hygrometer in the instrument shelter. If it’s very dry, don’t leave the hygrometer in the shelter overnight! 2.After about 30 mins, read the relative humidity. Note the instruments used. 3.Read the current temperature (if your readings aren’t being taken at the same time as the daily reading of maximum, minimum, and current temperature). 4.Return the hygrometer in the classroom, and store it in a dry place.

Aerosols Steps: 1.Turn digital voltmeter and sun photometer on. 2.Select the “T” setting (for temperature) on the rotary switch on top of the case. Record 100x this voltage. 3.Select green channel. 4.Face the sun and point sun photometer at the sun. 5.Adjust the pointing until you see the maximum voltage in your digital voltmeter. Record value on your Data Sheet. 6.Record time when you observed the maximum voltage accurately, to the nearest 5 secs.

7.While sun photometer is pointing at the sun, cover the aperture (holes at the top) with your finger to block all light from entering the case. Take a voltage reading and record this dark voltage reading on your Data Sheet. 8.Select the red channel (if you started with green channel) and repeat steps Repeat steps 3-9 at least 3 times, no more than 5 times. 10.Select the “T” setting (for temperature) on the rotary switch on top of the case. Record 100x this voltage. 11.Turn off sun photometer and voltmeter. 12.Note clouds in the vicinity of the sun in the comments (metadata) section. Use cloud chart for types of clouds. Aerosols Continued

13.Perform Cloud Protocols and record observations on Aerosols Data Sheet. 14.Perform Relative Humidity Protocol. Record observations on Aerosols Data Sheet. 15.Read and record current temperature to the nearest 0.5°C following one of the air temperature protocols. 16.Complete the rest of Aerosols Data Sheet. Aerosols Continued

Exposing the Ozone Test Strip: STEPS: 1.Fill out the top of the Ozone Data Sheet 2.Remove a single ozone test strip from the plastic bag 3.Record the date and starting time Calibrating the Scanner: 4.Place scanner on a surface out of direct sunlight and turn it on 5.Place the unexposed ozone test strip into the scanner with the chemical side facing toward the display 6.Press left button until you see SELECT>CALIB 7.Press right button and you will see 1 HR WHT= and fluctuating numbers

Exposing the Ozone Test Strip (Cont.) 8.Press both buttons simultaneously to save unexposed strip 9.Turn off scanner, and remove the unexposed strip In the Field: 10.Place this ozone strip in the clip on the monitoring station, DO NOT touch the chemical part of the strip 11.Determine cloud cover and cloud type 12.Measure and record current temperature 13.Record wind direction from weather station 14.Measure and record the relative humidity using a digital hygrometer

Reading the Ozone Test Strip STEPS: 1. In the Field, place the scanner in the instrument shelter and turn it on. Let it run for 30 secs. (Only touch the on/off switches if scanner turns off) 2. Remove the test strip from the clip and DON’T touch the chemical part. 3. Slide the strip into the slot on top of the scanner all the way. Chemical part should face the display. 4.The reading should stop changing after 5-10 secs. If it changes between 2 numbers, choose the lower one. Then record the ppb reading on your Data Sheet and turn scanner off.

Reading Ozone Test Strip (Cont.) 4b. Again, if 2 numbers show up, choose the lower one. Place the strip into a sealed plastic bag. 5. Record the time you read the ozone strip. 6. Determine the cloud cover and cloud type following the Cloud Cover and Cloud Type Field Guides. 7. Read and record the current air temperature. 8. Determine the wind direction then record. 9. Measure and record the relative humidity using a digital hygrometer.

Finn