Edward chose John Balliol The Award of Berwick 17 Nov 1292 King Edward announced his decision Edward chose John Balliol This was no surprise – even 29 auditors Bruce had chosen voted for Balliol

2 weeks later at Newcastle John Balliol paid homage to Edward I 26 Dec 1292 2 weeks later at Newcastle John Balliol paid homage to Edward I During the ceremony Balliol: Knelt in front of Edward I (his master) Promised to obey Edward Accepted Edward as his overlord Accepted if he broke his promise he would be punished severely

Balliol was to become a puppet King My Lord, Lord Edward, lord superior of the realm of Scotland, I, John Balliol, King of the Scots, hereby become your liegeman for the whole realm of Scotland….and I will maintain faith and fealty to you and your heirs, the kings of England. Balliol was to become a puppet King

King John and King Edward Balliol had agreed Edward was his overlord No one was quite sure what this meant or what it would lead to…

Edward had promised in 1290 that Scotland would… Treaty of Birgham The Kingdom of Scotland shall remain separate and divided from the Kingdom of England. The Kingdom of Scotland shall keep her rights, laws, freedoms and customs. No Parliament of Scotland shall be held outside the Kingdom of Scotland The ruler of Scotland and the ruler of England shall freely rule their own kingdoms. He now said the Treaty was only a marriage agreement and it was no longer valid

Edward takes control Edward gave orders to King John But sometimes sent them directly to the nobles

Edward takes control Edward made King John take part in Royal Ceremonies in England

Edward takes control Edward began hearing appeals from the Scottish Courts of Law Treaty of Birgham The Kingdom of Scotland shall keep her rights, laws, freedoms and customs.

Edward takes control The Nobles were annoyed and persuaded King John to protest…but this made Edward angry In 1293 King John attended a meeting of the English Parliament to argue his case…. Standing in court in front of him, John carried out Edward’s orders and having experienced many insults from all, contrary to his kingly rank and dignity, he returned home greatly crestfallen Chronicler

War Between England and France 1294 May 1294 war broke out between England and France Why did war break out ? How did this affect Scotland ?

Why did war break out? Edward ruled land in France King Philip IV (The Fair King) Edward I Edward ruled land in France 1294 Philip said Gascony was part of France and wanted Edward to do homage for it

Why did war break out? Edward refused to do homage King Philip IV Edward I Edward refused to do homage King Philip decided to take the land from Edward May 1294 England declared war on France

How did this affect Scotland In 1294 Edward asked King John Ten Scottish earls Sixteen Scottish barons Fighting men to join him in his war against France The Scots did not want this - they had no problem with France

Scots Army invades North England 11 March 1296 Scottish leaders gathered feudal army near Selkirk Scots army was led by Sir John Comyn Selkirk Carlisle Carlisle castle http://www.heritage.me.uk/castles/carlisle.htm John Comyn www.brucetrust.co.uk/kos Scots army invaded north of England and attacked Carlisle

Scots Army invades North England Carlisle castle was commanded by Robert Bruce (stayed loyal to Edward) Carlisle was too strong to capture The Scots withdrew but continued to carry out brutal raids on north of England Sir John Comyn invaded England with an army of Scots, burning houses, slaughtering men and driving off cattle English Chronicler

Edward’s response Edward marched his army to Berwick Scotland’s chief port and wool trade centre Berwick

Attack on Berwick Berwick was preparing for an attack Wooden wall built around the town Soldiers sent from Fife to defend the town Women and children were moved out http://www.keystothepast.info/durhamcc/K2P.nsf/K2PDetail?readform&PRN=N13761

Attack on Berwick When Edward arrived he gave the town 3 days to surrender The Scots replied with insults 30 March he subjected the town to 3 days of destruction and killing Soldiers charged across wall Ships sailed into the harbour to attack from sea Edward ordered no life should be spared

Attack on Berwick Houses were looted Town was burned to the ground Edward’s men killed without mercy 20,000 were killed Bodies were hung on spikes on town walls http://homepage.ntlworld.com/jamack/EdwardI.htm Berwick now became the headquarters of Edward’s administration

The Scots revenge Scottish army burned towns in north of England In Northumberland they burning towns, villages, and churches However, Edward was not going to be distracted from his attack on Scotland….. http://www.pastperfect.info/sites/wark/images/angloscottish.html

Capture of John Balliol 1296 Whilst Edward was invading Scotland King John had fled to Aberdeen At Perth Edward received letters of submission from King John Banff Elgin Aberdeen Montrose Perth 8 July Balliol surrendered in person at Montrose Stirling Edinburgh Dunbar Berwick

Toom Tabard Edward held a ceremony in which he: Renounced the treaty made with France Ripped Balliol’s royal crest from his jacket and threw it on the floor Toom Tabard – Empty Coat Removed Balliol’s crown Broke Balliol’s seal of office Balliol was then imprisoned in the Tower of London

What eventually became of Balliol After a request from the Pope he was sent to France in 1299 1301 he was released to live on his land in France Many Scots hoped he would return to Scotland However, he died in France in 1313

Edward takes control of Scotland With Balliol in prison Robert Bruce asked Edward to make him King of Scots Edward replied Have we nothing else to do but win Kingdoms for you

Edward takes control of Scotland Edward did 4 things to show he controlled Scotland 1. Ragman Roll 2000 important Scots were made to sign an oath of loyalty to Edward http://www.trystuffout.free-online.co.uk/EdwardI.htm

Edward takes control of Scotland 2. Important Scots documents taken to England so Edward could rule Scotland

Edward takes control of Scotland 3. Symbols of Scottish Nationhood were taken to England 1) Stone of Destiny Taken to Westminster Abbey 2) Holyrood of St Margaret Taken to Westminster Abbey

Edward takes control of Scotland 4. English officials appointed to control Scotland John de Warenne, Earl of Surrey – ‘Keeper of Scotland’ Hugh Cressingham – Treasurer (controlled finances) Sir Walter of Amersham – Chancellor Sir William Ormesby – Chief Justice

Reasons for the Scottish Rebellion Edward left Scotland in 1296 He believed he had the country firmly under his control... Why?

Edward’s control over Scotland Nobles Many had paid homage to Edward Some were given lands in England

Edward’s control over Scotland Prison John Balliol was in the Tower of London Many Scottish leaders and nobles were imprisoned

Edward’s control over Scotland Hostages Sons and relations of noblemen were taken to England

Edward’s control over Scotland Promises of Loyalty 2000 Important Scots signed the Ragman Rolls

Edward’s control over Scotland Castles English garrisons controlled Scottish castles

Edward’s control over Scotland Government Englishmen governed Scotland John de Warenne, Earl of Surrey – ‘Keeper of Scotland’ Hugh Cressingham – Treasurer (controlled finances) Sir Walter of Amersham – Chancellor Sir William Ormesby – Chief Justice

Edward’s control over Scotland Church Only Englishmen were promoted Many continued to resist Edward Bishop Fraser of St Andrews never agreed Edward was King

Despite this the Scots still rebelled...