1. HIGHER HISTORY: The Wars of Independence 1286-1328 ISSUE 4The reasons for the ultimate success of Bruce in maintaining Scotland ’ s independence Sub issue The opposition of many Scots to Robert Bruce Sub issue Robert Bruce ’ s abilities as a military leader Sub issue The methods used by Bruce to attain the peace settlement made with England in 1328

2. ISSUE 4The reasons for the ultimate success of Bruce in maintaining Scotland ’ s independence Activity 1: Timeline of Events (70 minutes) In order to understand the chronology you are going to create an accurate, detailed and imaginative timeline that will help you to understand the issue. This timeline should include: Agreement with Bishops Lamberton and Wishart- Cambuskenneth, 11 th of June 1304 The murder of Comyn-10 th Feb. 1306 Inauguration as King of Scots-Scone, 25 th March 1306 The defeat at Methven Woods, 19 th June 1306 Escape from Edward and family troubles, Winter of 1306-07 Civil war in Scotland, 1307-1309 Bruce’s tactics 1309-14 Battle of Bannockburn, 1314 Declaration of Arbroath, 1320 Treaty of Edinburgh 1328

3. ISSUE 4 The reasons for the ultimate success of Bruce in maintaining Scotland ’ s independence Support of Clergy (Wishart and Lamberton) determined to regain independence Winning of the Civil War and defeat of English Garrisons up to 1314 Decisive victory over English at Bannockburn led to the recognition of his legitimacy as King of Scots in Scotland. Bannockburn was a huge financial boost for Kingdom (£200,000 + ransoms) Declaration of Arbroath convinced Pope of legitimacy of Bruce and Scots independence. After Edward II deposed by his Barons led by his wife Isabella and Lord Mortimer raids into North of England increased pressure on English to recognise separate Scottish Kingdom Treaty of Edinburgh, 1328, official recognition of Bruce as King of Scots and Scotland as a separate kingdom.

4. MARKING INSTRUCTIONS FOR CONTEXTUALISATION QUESTIONS

5. HIGHER HISTORY: The Wars of Independence 1286-1328

6. Source E explains the reasons for the ultimate success of Bruce in maintaining Scotland’s independence by stating that the Scots victory at Bannockburn inflicted heavy casualties upon the English mounted Knights and ensured that the English king could not launch another invasion of Scotland in the following years.

7. HIGHER HISTORY: The Wars of Independence 1286-1328

9. 1.Explain the opposition of many Scots to Robert Bruce. 2.Describe Robert Bruce ’ s abilities as a military leader. 3.Explain the methods used by Bruce to attain the peace settlement made with England in 1328. Academic Task: You are going to have 30 minutes to gather evidence to answer one of the following questions.

10. HIGHER HISTORY: The Wars of Independence 1286-1328 Academic Task: You now have 20 minutes in your expert groups to consolidate and check your information for relevance and accuracy. Social Task: Sharing information; coming to a consensus; equal participation 1.Explain the opposition of many Scots to Robert Bruce 2.Describe Robert Bruce ’ s abilities as a military leader 3.Explain the methods used by Bruce to attain the peace settlement made with England in 1328

11. HIGHER HISTORY: The Wars of Independence 1286-1328 Academic Task: You now have 15 minutes back in your home groups to deliver your sub-topic review to the other 2 members. Social Task: Sharing information; explaining succinctly 1.Explain the opposition of many Scots to Robert Bruce 2.Describe Robert Bruce ’ s abilities as a military leader 3.Explain the methods used by Bruce to attain the peace settlement made with England in 1328

12. HIGHER HISTORY: The Wars of Independence 1286-1328 1.Explain the opposition of many Scots to Robert Bruce. 2.Describe Robert Bruce ’ s abilities as a military leader. 3.Explain the methods used by Bruce to attain the peace settlement made with England in 1328. Academic Task: You are going to write 3 short essays (8 marks). Each essay will have an introduction, 5 developed points and a conclusion.

13. HIGHER HISTORY: The Wars of Independence 1286-1328 1.Explain the opposition of many Scots to Robert Bruce. 2.Describe Robert Bruce ’ s abilities as a military leader. 3.Explain the methods used by Bruce to attain the peace settlement made with England in 1328. Academic Task: You are going to create a group response to the 3 questions you have worked on.

14. You will complete this exercise for each of the 3 questions You will have 15 minutes per question=45 minute exercise Directions: Each group has one sheet of paper divided into 4 (or 3) individual areas and 1 common area. Each person writes responses to the question on their own within a time limit. The group then shares their individual responses. The group comes to a consensus on the answer(s) to the question and records their response in the common area. COMMON AREA 1.Explain the opposition of many Scots to Robert Bruce. 2.Describe Robert Bruce ’ s abilities as a military leader. 3.Explain the methods used by Bruce to attain the peace settlement made with England in 1328.

15. HIGHER HISTORY: The Wars of Independence 1286-1328 Explain the opposition of many Scots to Robert Bruce Comyn family opposed to him because of murder of John Comyn of Badenoch Many nobles still supported Balliol’s claim to the Scottish throne and see Bruce as a usurper Bruce had killed Comyn in a church. This was an offence against God himself Bruce had changed sides on a number of occasions and had given allegiance to Edward and acted as a Guardian of Scotland Bruce’s brutality during the civil war led to loss of support, Herschip of Buchan

16. HIGHER HISTORY: The Wars of Independence 1286-1328 Describe Robert Bruce ’ s abilities as a military leader Use of guerrilla tactics meant he could outmanoeuvre larger English forces and force them to retire for lack of supplies Knew that he had to destroy castles rather than hold them during the civil war to stay mobile Able to draw the English forces into land that he had prepared for battle at Loudon Hill, 1307 Managed to mastermind the defeat of the powerful Comyn family in Scotland and win the Civil war Prepared the ground and trained the Scottish army to fight together and win against superior English forces at Bannockburn Winning of duel against De Bohun showed his skill as a warrior and further inspired his men

17. HIGHER HISTORY: The Wars of Independence 1286-1328 Explain the methods used by Bruce to attain the peace settlement made with England in 1328 Winning of Battle of Bannockburn Declaration of Arbroath used to get political support from papacy Invasion attempts by Edward II in 1322 and 1323 hampered by Scots invading Northern England and attacking Carlisle Regular raids and destruction of the North of England to force a settlement-1315, 16 and 18 Opening of a second front in Ireland led by Edward Bruce to put pressure on Edward II Retaking of all Scots castles and then Berwick by 1318 Further raids and avoidance of all out battle with English in the field 1327-28

18. HIGHER HISTORY: The Wars of Independence 1286-1328

19. The source illustrates that Bruce raised a large army to attack the North of England to force the English to make peace. This put pressure on the English king to make peace with the Scots to stop these attacks. The source further illustrates the methods used by Bruce to attain the peace settlement with England as it shows how Bruce’s forces besieged Norham and Alnwick Castles to try and capture them and take control of the surrounding areas. The source further illustrates the methods used by Bruce to attain the peace settlement with England as it states how Bruce gave lands in Northumberland to his followers. This ensured that these men were loyal to Bruce and caused other English nobles to swear allegiance to Bruce to keep their lands. Finally, the source illustrates the methods used by Bruce to attain the peace settlement with England as it tells us how Bruce continued to destroy and ravage the North of England, estate by estate, until the English were forced to make peace.

20. HIGHER HISTORY: The Wars of Independence 1286-1328

23. HOLIDAY HOMEWORK! You are going to write 4 detailed reports on the Scottish Wars of Independence. Each report will have 3 sections (the Sub Issues). The Reports will be clearly titled and written in paragraphs. Remember. Without this knowledge you will fail Paper 2! Question 1: Explain the succession problem in Scotland from 1286-92. I.The problems caused by the death of Alexander III II.The reasons for the Scots ’ appeal to Edward. III.Edward ’ s resolution of the Great Cause Question 2: Describe the relationship between John Balliol and Edward I. I.John Balliol ’ s difficulties in ruling Scotland II.Scottish responses to Edward ’ s overlordship III.Edward ’ s subjugation of the Scots in 1296 Question 3: Describe Scottish resistance to Edward I, 1296-1305. I.The growth of Scottish resistance to Edward, 1296-7 II.The changing military balance between Scotland and England, 1298-1301 III.The crushing of Scottish resistance by Edward, 1301-5 Question 4: Explain the reasons for the ultimate success of Bruce in maintaining Scotland ’ s independence. I.The opposition of many Scots to Robert Bruce II.Robert Bruce ’ s abilities as a military leader III.The methods used by Bruce to attain the peace settlement made with England in 1328