VOCABULARY The time between the ancient and modern times, about A.D. A kind of government in which citizens govern themselves A city with its own government that was both a city and an independent state A system in which land was owned by lords, but held by vassals in return for their loyalty Middle Ages Democracy City-State Feudalism

The Greek Heritage Ancient Greeks were some of world’s 1 st philosophers, historians and writers Invented new ideas on how people should live & how the world worked Greek city-states—had several different kinds of gov’t many were democracies Athens was most famous Citizens had right to vote on laws Elected or chosen at random for positions Democracy was a new idea Not the same democracy as today Freeborn males whose fathers held Athenian citizenship were citizens Anybody else could not vote The Growth of Democracy

The Golden Age of Athens The Spread of Greek Ideas BC—highest point of democracy called the “Golden Age” Arts, books & ideas flourished Developed ways of thinking around today Alexander the Great Helped spread Greek ideas 334 BC—set out to conquer the world 10 yrs later he had conquered an area the size of the US Called his empire Established Greek cities, language & ideas

The Glory of Ancient Rome Roman Empire was huge 50,000 miles of hard-surfaced roads amazing transportation network Many roads are still in use today Built aqueducts that are still in use today Augustus took control in 27 BC Began “Pax Romana” meaning Roman Peace lasted for 2oo years Most powerful state in Mediterranean Pax Romana

Roman Law The Spread of Christianity System of written laws Didn’t rely on laws being passed orally Decisions based on these laws Laws became complex Groups in place to keep them organized Legal system in Europe today reflects Roman law Protected all citizens Small amount of religious freedom allowed Could practice religion as long as law obeyed Jewish ppl begin to resist Roman rule Romans crushed their attempt at revolt 30 AD—Jesus of Nazareth traveled & preached in region followers believed God was acting through him Romans put Jesus to death & his followers spread his beliefs Christianity became so strong that Constantine (emperor) became a Christian—official religion of Rome now

The Decline of Rome Became difficult to govern Roman Empire (was too large) German invaders broke through lines of defense Empire needed more soldiers to fight Gov’t raised taxes to pay for them so economy declined Empire split in half Eastern ½ remained strong 450 AD—invaders attacked Rome & western ½ collapsed

Europe in the Middle Ages Collapse led to uncertainty Legal system no longer protected citizens Europe entered a time of chaos & war Eventually a new structure arose to provide order Based on new politics & Roman Catholic Church Developed to bring order King held highest position job was to provide security but needed soldiers Nobles provided soldiers & knights Land was given in exchange for loyalty (vassals) Peasants farmed the land & worked (manorialism) Called serfs—bound to the land & couldn’t leave Feudalism

Feudalism Pyramid

The Byzantine Empire Christianity Europe Begins to Change Eastern Roman Empire Divided into feudal kingdoms Survived until 1400s Followed a form of Christianity known as the Orthodox Christian Church Faith gave people a sense of security during Middle Ages Life centered around church Wealthy donated monies to construct beautiful churches Stained glass windows taught religious stories to peasants who were unable to read Trade increased in Europe Towns offered places for merchants to sell & buy Towns grew into cities 1400s—life became city centered

Vocabulary A period of European history that included the rebirth of interest in learning the arts Ruler of a kingdom or empire, such as a king or queen A far-reaching change A territory ruled by another nation Renaissance Monarch Revolution Colony

Glory of the Renaissance Reached its peak in 1500s Inspired Columbus Thinkers re-examined the ideas of ancient Greece & Rome Learned about the poetry, plays, ideas & the arts Major focus was art Wanted to improve the world & bring order to life Emphasized importance of human nature & abilities of humans to change the world Ex. Life-like statues carved (Michelangelo’s work) Looking to the Past Humanism: A New View

An Important Renaissance Artist Printing Spreads the Renaissance Michelangelo painter, poet, architect & sculptor Very realistic & detailed Gave art a new importance now a way to understand man’s emotions & feelings 1450—printing press was invented in Germany books used to be made by copying them by hand now books could be made quickly Now books could be spread throughout the world Spread of printing had 2 effects 1.) increased literacy rate 2.) allowed ideas of Renaissance to spread Before printing press—few thousand books After printing press—9 million books in Europe

More Trade, Stronger Rulers Traders begin to travel more often 1400s—Portuguese explorers traveled to Africa profitable trade 1492—Columbus landed in the Americas while searching for a shortcut to the Indian Ocean Portugal grew rich from spices Spain grew rich from gold & silver 1600’s—France, England & Netherlands got in on trade

The Effects of Trade English Monarchs Europeans raced to America in search of wealth Gold, silver, fur, tobacco, etc Traders & merchants formed new social class Known as the middle class Trade caused the feudalism system to decline Lords grew weaker & kings grew stronger 1600s to 1700s Absolute monarchs came into power exercised complete control over their subjects France’s King Louis XIV Said, “I am the state” Made people pay heavy taxes Monarchs made countries stronger & unified Should gov’t have a lot of power?

Revolutions in Government The English Revolution The American and French Revolutions People begin to believe kings should not have all the power Ex. King Charles 1 refused to share power with Parliament Parliament went to war w/ King—he was defeated & tried in court, sentenced to death No English ruler could claim absolute power again Idea that people should have a say in gov’t spread to N. Am. 1776—colonists rebelled against British monarchy believed the laws were unfair 1789—revolution occurred in France used extreme violence to overthrow monarchy created chaos inspired new radical theories about politics & economy

Revolutions in Science Scientists begin to observe nature carefully & record only what they observed based theories on facts instead of faith Copernicus suggested that the sun was the center of the universe—turned out to be right Needed new procedures to explain world developed scientific method only accept an idea once it has been tested multiple times The Scientific Method

Copernicus and His Theory

Other Scientific Developments Chemistry & medical fields flourished 1600’s—chemistry didn’t even exist believed any metal could be turned into gold Robert Boyle ideas about temperature & behavior of gases Effort to learn about the human body & medicine William Harvey—discovered how blood circulates inside the body Antoine van Leeuwenhook developed techniques for the microscope studied insects & bacteria Believed universe was a machine Set rules that worked in a regular way

Isaac Newton1 of greatest scientists Invented calculus used this to explain how the moon & planets move Law of Gravity

Vocabulary The life changing period in the 1800s when products began to be made by machines in factories A cloth product The pursuit of economic & political control over foreign territories Pride in one’s country An agreement between countries to protect & defend one another Industrial Revolution Textile Imperialism Nationalism Alliance

WHAT IS SHE THINKING?

The Industrial Revolution Completely changed the way of life in Europe 1 st machines created to speed up weaving of textiles housed in large factories Machines worked much faster then people could (efficiency) goods made quicker and cheaper Improvements in: machinery transportation communication agriculture (more food grown by fewer people) Changes in Production

1900—factories produced many of the goods made in W. Europe Changed life in many ways inventions used in everyday life transportation meant people could travel quicker more often communicate instantly with one another Cities grew rapidly—led to unclean and unsanitary conditions Ex. Diseases spread rapidly Factory work was difficult wages were low conditions were not safe Early 1900s—laws passed to improve conditions Industry led to more democratic nations in Europe Changes in Society

Changes in Government European governments became more aggressive Imperialism practiced Colonies provided a lot of the raw materials needed Led to European markets abroad Wanted to spread power and influence over people Late 1800s—The Age of Imperialism Africa was being colonized by Europe As well as Southeast Asia & Pacific Islands Struggles among powers would lead to struggles later

A Century of War and Nationalism 1900s—Rise of nationalism in Europe Can bring a nation together Can also cause nations to fight one another Nations became afraid that one another would try & invade its territory To protect themselves they built huge armies and navies Also formed military alliances Tension ran high 1914—beginning of World War I

World War I Archduke Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary was killed by a Serb Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia System of alliances caused other nations to enter conflict Europe was divided into 2 major alliances Germany, Austria-Hungary & Turkey (Central Powers) Serbia, Great Britain, France & Russia (Allied Powers) United States joined in —Central Powers surrendered Germany & Austria-Hungary were forced to accept harsh punishments in the Treaty of Versailles End of war—9 million soldiers & 13 million civilians had died

Introduction of Trench Warfare

World War II Germany suffered economic hardship due to Treaty of Versailles German people felt they had been unfairly punished Adolf Hitler (head of Nazi Party) took advantage of German discontent promised to make Germany great again 1933—dictator of Germany Built up armed forces Using threats & soldiers he took control of land that bordered Germany 1939—Germany invaded Poland Caused Britain & France to declare war on Germany Axis Powers (Germany, Japan & Italy) wanted to increase wealth and power using conquest capture most of Europe, China and South Pacific

World War II con’t… Allied Powers (Great Britain, France & China) opposed Axis Powers 1941—Japan attacked American forces at Pearl Harbor Caused US to join Allied forces Soviet Union also joined Allies after Germany attacked May 8, 1945—Germany surrendered after a long struggle

The Holocaust Nazis committed some of the worst horrors in WWII tried to eliminate entire groups of people Nazis sent Jews & other minorities to concentration camps Prisoners were worked to death, tortured or killed 6 million Jewish people were killed in these camps

Victory in the Pacific Despite Germany’s surrender, Japan fought on Harry S. Truman (president of US) ordered use of atomic bomb—believed it would end war quickly One bomb could destroy an entire city bomb was dropped on Nagasaki & Hiroshima 100,000 + people were killed More than 50 nations took part in WWII 55 million people died

Two Paths Emerge in Europe Soviet Union & US emerged as superpowers Both used their ideas to influence the world Europe was in ruins & needed to rebuild W. Europe allied with US Economies restored, cities rebuilt Easter Europe took a different path Economies failed to recover & gov’ts suspended freedom Western and Eastern Europe remained divided until 1990s

Vocabulary The adoption of Western European culture A Russian emperor Ideas that relate to or cause the overthrow of a government, or other great change A political system in which the central government owns farms, factories, and offices Westernization Tsar Revolutionary Communism

Building a Vast Empire Slavs were some of the first to settle Russia 1200s—Mongols came in and swept the Russian Empire Prince of Moscow made agreements with the Mongols 1330s—he became strongest ruler in the region End of 1400s—Moscow was free from Mongol rule Moscow became a huge country 1540s—Ivan the Terrible became leader of Moscow he was cruel to those he conquered & his own people When Ivan died Russia entered the Time of Troubles 20 years of civil wars & invasions by Poles 1613—Michael Romanov became tsar Order was restored to Russia Romanov’s expanded Russia in 1600s (ruled 300 yrs) The Rise of Moscow The Rise of the Tsars

Peter the Great Invasion Came to power in 1683 Brought Western European ideas to Russia hired foreign professors, scientists & advisors Established new schools, reorganized gov’t & army Believed Russia needed good seaports to conquer the world Conquered land on the Baltic & Black Seas Moved capitol to St. Petersburg Russia was becoming an empire Napoleon Bonaparte invaded Russia in 1812 Napoleon did not take into account Russia’s harsh winters, only 10,000 of the 100,000 French soldiers reached Moscow

The Fall of the Tsars Lives of Russians had not improved Two main groups in Russia: 1.) small # of landowners 2.) poor serfs 1855—Alexander II became tsar Freed the serfs, gave them their own land Also gave towns more control over themselves Alexander III reversed his father’s reform Freeing the Serfs

Rumblings of Revolution 1894—Nicholas II became tsar (would be last Russian tsar) Beaten in war by Japan in 1904 unrest grew among workers & peasants 1905—1000s of workers marched to tsar’s Winter Palace wanted to directly appeal for reform troops stopped them & fired into the crowd Mass killing known as Bloody Sunday Tsar Nicholas II forced to establish the Duma (congress) people elected its members In theory, the Duma shared power with the tsar In reality, Duma had little power

The Rise of the Soviet Union The Russian Revolution 1914—Russia entered WWI against Germany millions of Russian soldiers killed or wounded At home there was severe fuel & food shortages March 1917—Russians began rioting troops sent to calm the riots down, instead they joined the rioters Tsar Nicholas forced to give up his throne Tsar and family held hostage by Lenin’s forces—a weak gov’t took over March 1918—Vladimir Lenin signed agreement w/ Germany & withdrew from WWI also gave up Baltic republics Lenin wanted a Communist gov’t each person was supposed to work & share equally Lenin promised everyone would be equal (was not the case)

Building a Communist State Peace was still not in Russia Lenin’s followers vs. groups who opposed them (civil war) Russia Civil War lasted 3 years, killed millions 1922—Lenin created the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics USSR—called the Soviet Union Included most of the Russian Empire Began to turn country into a communist one Killed those who opposed them 1924—Lenin died &Josef Stalin became leader Gov’t controlled all aspects of citizen’s lives

Stalin’s Dictatorship World War II Stalin was a dictator had absolute power Did not care about the Russian people Increased factory workers would mean they needed more food required peasants to turn their farms to the gov’t Peasants opposed so he sent them to prison camps in Siberia Agreement signed w/ Germany in 1939 stated that 2 countries would not go to war w/ one another Despite agreement, Germany invaded USSR 2 years later Soviet cities were destroyed, millions died Soviets fought bravely and pushed Germans out 2 years later Soviet troops had captured Berlin in Germany (capitol)

The Cold War 1.) Situation in Eastern Europe Soviet troops freed Eastern Europe during the war but the troops did not leave Forced countries to become communist Trade & contact w/ West was cut off (“Iron Curtain”) 2.) Soviets tried to expand their power beyond E. Europe Encouraged rebels in other countries US was determined to stop them Powerful nuclear weapons built to stop one another Causes of the Cold War

Collapse of an Empire Soviet Union’s economy grew weak during Cold War Money was invested in industry & weapons Basic goods & survival needs were not produced Early 1980s—faith in the Soviet gov’t was gone Mikhail Gorbachev—came to power in 1985 allowed more personal freedom reduced gov’t control of economy Eastern European countries abandoned communism Soviet Republics demanded independence 1991—Soviet Union broke apart

The Russian Federation Federation is a union of states Each member agrees to give certain powers to a central gov’t Made efforts to build a free-market economy Sold state-owned factories to private individuals Tried to become more democratic Was a difficult transition away from communism Conflict among ethnic groups Many challenges to starting a new way of life still some today

Vocabulary Official currency of the European Union System in which goods, services, and capital move freely with no barriers Government official who is in charge of a nation’s foreign affairs Euro Single Market Foreign Minister

History of the European Union 1970s and 1980s—Nations wanted to join the European Economic Community (ECC) 1973—UK, Ireland & Denmark joined 1981—Greece joined 1986—Portugal & Spain joined 1992—Maastricht Treaty signed Established the European Union (EU) Adopt a single currency—by countries had adopted the euro Expanding Membership The EEC becomes the EU

What Does the European Union Do? Goal of EEC was to bind people together to make future wars impossible Today the EU works to achieve this goal by promoting cooperation & peace Citizens of EU are all considered equal People move freely w/o needing visas or permits Permanently move w/in EU without official permission Common policies in education, environment and law Strives to protect European culture & heritage sponsors several cultural projects Common Social Policies

Common Economic Policies Common Gov’t & Foreign Policies Things the EU Does Not Handle Trade freely w/ one another w/o having to pay tariffs Cooperate to create jobs for citizens Contribute to the EU’s central budget Creates laws that govern nations Signs treaties w/ non-EU nations Oversees policies that deal with crime & national security Court of Justice—ensures policies are implemented fairly Made up of 1 job from each EU nation Nations work together but remain independent Handle their own healthcare, national defense, education & housing policies

Structure of the European Union 3 main policy making institutions 1.) European Parliament 2.) Council of the European Union 3.) European Commission Passes the majority of EU’s laws Meets & debates in public Elected by all citizens of the EU Representatives differ according to nation’s size Assembled in seats by political party not nation European Parliament

Council of the European Union European Commission Future of the European Union Made up of the foreign ministers from EU nations Represents the separate national interests of the member nations Represents the interests of the whole EU community Representatives sent to the commission from each nation Great success, peace & prosperity Continues to expand new members must accept existing laws Long-term goal is to bring all democracies of Europe together