+ Interviews This course material is for non-commercial use only. Any public display, distribution and adaptation is not allowed for any purposes.

+ Content Outline Overview of In-depth Interviews Process of interviews Reasons for Using Interviews Advantages VS disadvantages of In-depth Interviews

+ Overview of Interviews

+ Intensive Interviews Intensive interviews, or in-depth interviews, are the one-on- one interview approach.

+ Examples of Intensive Interviews Harrington (2003) conducted intensive interviews with a dozen individuals familiar with the storylines on the soap opera All My Children concerning the series’ portrayal of homosexuality. Phalen (2000) carried out two-hour interviews with 14 female managers at radio and television stations. The responses to her open-ended questions suggested that her respondents experienced bias against female managers and instances of sexual harassment. Lewis (2008) conducted intensive interviews with eight journalists who had either lost their jobs or were suspended due to plagiarism accusations.

Goal To understand the world from an interviewee’s view Why does an interviewee understand the world that way? To find a meaning from an interviewee’s experience In which way does an interviewee see the world? To review an authentic life of an interviewee A researcher goes through a conceptual process (abstraction) to explain the data theoretically.

Related Parties Should ask questions that suit to interviewee’s background Should build a good relationship with an interviewee before/ during/ after the interview and build comfortable atmosphere Should study the subject in advance Should focus on what an interviewee speaks sincerely Should be mindful about time consumption Interview er Should voluntarily gives an interview Should have knowledge/ experience about the subject Should have time for an interview Should not work in a similar field to a researcher (to avoid bias) IntervieweeInterviewee

Should adjust questions based on interviewee’s backgroun d Should not be close- ended questions (Yes/ No) Should come from theory/ situation analysis Guided Questions for Interview Should be easily adjusted during the interview Should arrange question s systematicall y Should prepare appropriate amount of questions (lasts 2 hours) Should test questions in advance

+ Process of Interview

Prepare and practice an interviewer Prepare equipment(s) and set up a location and time BeforeBefore Declare the objectives of the study to an interviewee (should be also shown in a document) Start an interview (clear doubts interviewee may have at the beginning) Reach the climax Close the interview (should create a relaxing moment) During After Turn off a recorder immediately

3: How o Example of Interview Main Question (Planned) Q1: When do you play social media? A1: I use it when I have free time. Sub-question (Impromptu) Q2: When is your free time? A2: It is after the school. Q3: How often do you use the social media after school? A3: About 2 hours. Sub-question (Impromptu)

Data Record Ask for a permission before using a recorder Use keyword to take note and focus on the interview Always has a back-up recorder Using a Recorder Note TakingNote Taking Back-Up

+ Reasons for Using Interviews

+ They generally use smaller samples.

+ Reasons for Using Interviews They provide detailed background about the reasons respondents give specific answers. Elaborate data concerning respondents’ opinions, values, motivations, recollections, experiences, and feelings are obtained.

+ Reasons for Using Interviews They allow for lengthy observation of respondents’ nonverbal responses.

+ Reasons for Using Interviews They are usually long. Unlike personal interviews used in survey research that may last only a few minutes, an intensive interview may last several hours and may take more than one session.

+ Reasons for Using Interviews They can be customized to individual respondents. In a personal interview, all respondents are usually asked the same questions. Intensive interviews allow interviewers to form questions based on each respondent’s answers..

+ Reasons for Using Interviews They can be influenced by the interview climate. To a greater extent than with personal interviews, the success of intensive interviews depends on the rapport established between the interviewer and the respondent

+ Advantages of Intensive Interview

+ The most important advantage of the in-depth interview is the wealth of the detail that it provides.

+ Advantages of Intensive Interview When compared to survey methods, intensive interviewing provides more accurate responses on sensitive issues. The rapport between respondent and interviewer makes it easier to approach certain topics that might be taboo in other approaches. Ex. Violent, aggressive behavior

+ Disadvantages of Interviews

+ Generalizability is sometimes a problem. Intensive interviewing is typically done with a nonrandom sample. Since interviews are usually non-standardized, each respondent may answer a slightly different version of a question.

+ Disadvantages of Interviews They are especially sensitive to interviewer bias. In a long interview, it is possible for a respondent to learn a good deal of information about the interviewer. Despite practice and training, some interviewers may inadvertently communicate their attitudes through loaded questions, nonverbal cues, or tone of voice.

+ Disadvantages of Interviews The effect of this on the validity of a respondent’s answers is difficult to gauge. Finally, intensive interviewing presents problems in data analysis. A researcher given the same body of data taken from an interview may wind up with interpretations significantly different from those of the original investigator.

+ Reference This course material is for non-commercial use only. Any public display, distribution and adaptation is not allowed for any purposes. Wimmer, R. & Dominick, J. (2011). Mass Media Research: An Introduction (9 th ed.). Belmont, CA: Thompson Wadsworth.

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