Aviation and its environmental impact 1st LT Zouhar Jakub 18th September 2014

Content Air traffic Airports New technologies and trends New procedures and concept of air traffic management

Air traffic Air pollution – emissions Greenhouse gases Carbon dioxide (CO2) Nitrogen oxides (NOx) Water vapor (H2O) Methane (CH4) Carbon monoxide (CO)

Air traffic Air pollution – emissions Energy from the space is refelected from the Earth but is absorbed in the atmosphere. The atmosphere is heated to higher temperature. Problem for all types of transport Aviation about 2% of CO2 In the EU emissions from aviation increased by 87% from 1990 - 2006 44

Air traffic Noise pollution In the air / on the ground Engines Jet engines – 140 dB Turboprop engines – 130 dB Piston engines – 120 dB Auxiliary systems Air-conditioning system, heating system, pressurization, other energy sources Supersonic explosion Jet engines – mechanical vibrations, intake turbulence, compressor, combustion chamber, turbine, exhaust nozzle Turboprop engines – mechanical vibrations, propeller, rotor, compressor, turbine, exhaust nozzle Piston engines – mechanical vibrations, propeller, rotor, air intakes, exhaust

Air traffic Noise pollution Factors influencing noise propagation: Air relative humidity Air temperature Direction and wind speed Atmospheric turbulence Ground surface (nature and artificial obstacles) Distance from the source

Air traffic Noise pollution Within EU older types of engines should be removed or are given exception according to Regulation of European Commission published in 2002. Now using engines and new engines are designed according to Annex 16. Noise abatement

Air traffic How can we reduce noise? Passive reduction Influence of terrain Influence of vegetation (trees) Active reduction Design of sources Engine position Higher angle of climb RWY in use (night restriction) Noise reduction during approach Air route design

Air traffic Noise pollution

Airports Emissions Noise pollution Leak → underground water pollution Aircraft, cars, trucks, public transport Noise pollution Leak → underground water pollution Fuel, service liquids Icing, anti-icing procedures

Airports Massive impact on countryside Huge area Infrastructure Connections Ecosystems Flora Fauna

New technologies and trends New engine generation Higher fan bypass ratio of (10:1) More efficient (10 - 20%) New technology and materials. GE Aviation

New technologies and trends New engine generation

New technologies and trends Winglets / Sharklets 4 - 6% Lower drag – Higher lift – lower consumption Designers were inspired in the nature. They watched eagles and other birds of pride during their flight. They found out that feathers on their wing tips are curved up.

New technologies and trends Electric engine installed within nose wheel Recuperate the energy during breaking and absorbing the shocks during landing.

New procedures Continuous Climb Departure Reduce noise pollution during take-off. Lower consumption. Angle of climb depends on many aspects – problem to predict future posistion in these days. Fuel economy due to more fuel-efficient aircraft performance; Reduction in both flight crew and controller workload through the design of procedures requiring less ATC intervention; Reduction in the number of required radio transmissions - in general a published CCO-based procedure should require fewer controller radio transmissions than vector based departure procedures due to the fact that the complete aircraft trajectory is issued via the SID prior to departure. Environmental benefits through reduced fuel burn and potential aircraft noise mitigation through thrust and height optimisation;

New procedures Continuous Descent Approach při implementaci CDA na 20% evropských letišť, by došlo ke snížení spotřeby paliva o 120 000 tun, emise CO2 by byly sníženy o 400 000 tun a finanční úspora by činila 100 mil. eur ročně

New procedures 4-D Trajectory New structure of SIDs and STARs at airports. Absolutely new idea how to fly from A to B. Complication to maintain separations and air traffic management. Mezi hlavní přínosy konceptu patří:  efektivní plánování letových tratí,  efektivní využívání vzdušného prostoru,  vyšší předvídatelnost a efektivita letového provozu,  snížení pracovní zátěže na piloty i řídící letového provozu,  zvýšení bezpečnosti letového provozu (více času na monitorování provozní situace),  snížení spotřeby paliva a produkovaných emisí letovým provozem,  při vhodném navržení tratí snížení znečištění životního prostředí hlukem,  zavádění nových letových postupů (CDA).

New procedures New software for ATC Arrival manager (AMAN) Departure manager (DMAN) System – Wide Information Management (SWIM)

New procedures System – Wide Information Management

New procedures System – Wide Information Management

New procedures 4-D Trajectory New structure of SIDs and STARs at airports. Absolutely new idea how to fly from A to B. Complication to maintain separations and air traffic management. Mezi hlavní přínosy konceptu patří:  efektivní plánování letových tratí,  efektivní využívání vzdušného prostoru,  vyšší předvídatelnost a efektivita letového provozu,  snížení pracovní zátěže na piloty i řídící letového provozu,  zvýšení bezpečnosti letového provozu (více času na monitorování provozní situace),  snížení spotřeby paliva a produkovaných emisí letovým provozem,  při vhodném navržení tratí snížení znečištění životního prostředí hlukem,  zavádění nových letových postupů (CDA).

Sources www.eurocontrol.int sesar.ju skybrary.aero ec.europa.eu en.wikipedia.org

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