Chapter 18.3

 18.3  Pgs  Topic: Age of Napoleon  Essential Question:  Discuss how and why nationalism spread as a result of the French Revolution.

 Who/was Napoleon?  How/why did he rise to power?  What did he do in France? Europe?  What is Nationalism?

 1799 – 1815  “I am the revolution.”  Brings the French Revolution to an end  Yet at same time, product of the revolution

 Educated in French military schools  Commissioned as a lieutenant in the French army in 1785  In 1792, becomes a captain  In 1794, becomes brigadier general by the Committee of Public Safety  Napoleon wins several campaigns for France throughout Italy

 Wins confidence of his men with energy, charm, and ability to make quick decisions  Keen intelligence, ease with words, enabled him to influence people and win their support  1797 – returns to France as a conquering hero

 (KOO day-TAH) – sudden overthrow of the government is led by a successful and popular general Napoleon Bonaparte  Directory is toppled and Napoleon seizes power  New government – the consulate – was proclaimed  Napoleon becomes first consul – controls entire government

 1802, Napoleon becomes consul for life  1804, crowns himself Emperor Napoleon I

 Republican liberty was destroyed by Napoleon’s takeover of power  Napoleon sought to make peace with the Catholic Church by restoring church to bring stability  1801 – made agreement with Pope to recognize Catholicism as religion of majority  Pope, in return, did not ask for lands back that the government had earlier taken

 7 codes of Law  Most important code called the Civil Code or Napoleonic Code  Recognized the equality of all citizens before the law  The right of an individual to choose a profession  Religious toleration  Abolition of serfdom and feudalism  Undid rights to divorce easily  Undid rights of daughters to inherit property

 Napoleon developed a powerful, centralized administrative machine  Promotion was based on ability, not rank or nobility as before  A new aristocracy was based on merit in the state service – not bloodline  Shut down 60 of 73 newspapers

 From 1807 – 1812, Napoleon was master of most of Europe  Empire had three major parts  The French Empire  Dependent states (Spain, Holland, Italy, the Swiss Republic, other German states)  Allied states (those defeated by Napoleon and forced to join his struggle against Britain. These included Prussia, Austria, Russia and Sweden.)

 As long as Great Britain had a strong navy, it was almost invulnerable to military attack  Napoleon could not stop Britain from trading with other countries

 Nationalism- the unique cultural identity of a people based on common language, religion, and national symbols  Nationalism was another factor in the defeat of Napoleon  The defeat of countries brought on their feelings of nationalism.  Two ways:  French hated as oppressors by those they defeated  French mirrored nationalism and what a nation in arms could do

 Russians refused to remain in the Continental System  Left Napoleon no choice but to invade Russia  June 1812 – Grand army of 600,000 men enter Russia  Russia’s army retreats for miles and miles pulling Napoleon’s army farther in to Russia  Russia’s army burns their own villages to keep Napoleon from finding food

 Battle of Borodino – Napoleon wins with a costly and indecisive victory  Grand Army arrives in Moscow finding city ablaze  Napoleon abandons Moscow and starts the “Great Retreat”  Terrible winter conditions  Less than 40,000 arrive back in Poland in 1813.

Napoleon Defeated The Crossing of the Beresina By January Suchodolsky shows Napoleon’s grand army in full retreat from Russia.

 Other European states rise up and attack the crippled French army  Paris is captured in March 1814  Napoleon is sent to exile on the island of Elba.  Bourbon monarchy restored to France  Louis XVIII becomes King

 Napoleon grows bored on island  King has little support  Slips back into France  Troops shout “Vive l’Empereur!” (Long live the emperor!)  Napoleon makes triumphal entry into Paris on March 20,  Napoleon raises army to attack nearest forces in Belgium.

 June 18, 1815  Napoleon meets a combined British and Prussian army under the Duke of Wellington and suffers a bloody defeat.  Napoleon gets exiled to St. Helena Island off of Africa.