chapter McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. CHAPTER OUTLINE Factors that influence personality The Social SelfThe Social Self Agents of Socialization 5 SOCIALIZATION

McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Nature v Nurture –Interaction of heredity and environment shape human development –Isolation negatively effects human socialization –Parents must concern themselves with children’s social development as well

McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 4-3 Factors influencing personality █ Heredity █ Birth Order █ Parents █ Culture

McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 4-4 Factors Influencing Personality █ Heredity or Environment? –Studies of Identical Twins Intelligence tests show: Similar scores when twins are reared apart in roughly similar social settings Quite different scores when twins are reared apart in dramatically different social settings

McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 4-5 Isolation: A “Macro” look █ Continents: Cultures:

McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 4-6 Another “Macro” look Japan v China

McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 4-7 A “Micro” look - Genie

McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 4-8 Isolation █ Animals & the “forbidden experiment” █ Other forms: Ghetto vs Suburbia

McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 4-9 Isolation –Appalachian Mountain regions

McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Isolation –Shyness / Introversion / Anti-social - The “Critical Period”

McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Institutionalization █ Lack of social interaction in these facilities have shown to create social and psychological development delays.

McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved The Social Self █ Socialization: interactive process by which people learn the skills, beliefs, values, etc of their culture. █ “Self”: distinct identity that sets us apart from others

McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved The Social Self - Theories █ John Locke’s Tabula Rasa –Human are born with a clean slate –Their upbringing fills the slate through socialization

McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved The Social Self - Theories Charles Cooley: Looking-Glass Self We learn who we are by interacting with others Our view of ourselves (good & bad) comes from impressions of how others perceive us The self is the product of our social interactions with other people

McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved The Social Self - Theories Role Taking: process of mentally assuming the perspective of another Generalized Others: attitudes, viewpoints, and expectations of society as a whole that child takes into account Significant Others: Individuals most important in the development of the self █ George Herbert Mead: Role Taking

McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved The Social Self - Theories Continued... Preparatory Stage: children imitate people around them. Play Stage: children develop skill in communicating through symbols and role taking occurs Game Stage: children of about 8 or 9 consider several actual tasks and relationships simultaneously █ Mead: Role Taking Stages

McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Agents of Socialization –Role of family in socializing a child cannot be overestimated –Cultural Influences –The Impact of Race and Gender █ Family

McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Agents of Socialization –As children grow older, peer groups increasingly assume the role of Mead’s significant others. █ Peer Group

McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Agents of Socialization –Schools teach children values and customs of the larger society –Schools traditionally socialized children into conventional gender roles █ School

McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Agents of Socialization Continued…

McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Agents of Socialization Continued…

McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Agents of Socialization –Technology socializes families into multitasking as the social norm █ Mass Media and Technology 47% of parents reported at least one child has a television in his/her bedroom

McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Agents of Socialization █ Figure 4.1: Internet Usage, Ages 10-17

McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Agents of Socialization –Learning to behave appropriately within occupational setting is fundamental aspect of human socialization Level of teenage employment in U.S. is highest among industrial nations █ Workplace

McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Agents of Socialization

McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Agents of Socialization –The family’s protective function steadily transferred to outside agencies in 20 th century –The state usurped many of the traditional family functions █ The Government

McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Agents of Socialization Baby Blues! Parents vs Environment

McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Socialization and the Life Course █ ReSocialization –Total Institution: institution—prison, military, mental hospital, or convent—that regulates all aspects of a person’s life under a single authority

McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Socialization and the Life Course █ The Life Course –Some of the most difficult socialization challenges occur in later years –Amer culture v aging –Physical limitations