1. Slide 1 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Socialization and the Life Course

2. Slide 2 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Role of Socialization █ Socialization: Lifelong process in which people learn appropriate attitudes, values, and behaviors █ Nature vs. nurture Module 13

3. Slide 3 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Self and Socialization █ Self: Distinct identity that sets us apart from others The self is not a static phenomenon It continues to develop and change Module 14

4. Slide 4 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Reflection How do you define yourSELF? How do you define the SELF? What/who influence your SELF?

5. Slide 5 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. How do we really define the SELF? “The concept, unique to humans, of being able to see ourselves “from the outside”; our internalized perception how others see us” (Henslin,2002)

6. Slide 6 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Different Definitions of Self “An individual created by God with a given choice made with freewill and intellect.” “A set of characteristics and attributes.” (Abaya, 2012) “Characteristics of a person, how she/he looks…how the environment affected the person.” (Brillantes, 2012)

7. Slide 7 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Different Definition of the Self “What you portray and show to the world” (Sumayao, 2012) “Idea of one’s identity” (Kim, Hyemin, 2012) “The self is like a mirror. The way you wear your clothes will represent how you look in front of others.” (Hwang, 2012)

8. Slide 8 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Different Definition of the Self “It is the part of your being…it is something you can modify and improve. It is what you think you are” (Mendez, 2012) “The self is the knowledge of your existence, your proof that you have value” (Pador, 2012)

9. Slide 9 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Different Definition of the Self “It is someone that is unique and no one can be like him/her.” (Cendana, 2012) “The self is not the others. The self is just itself and it cannot be the others, no matter how much it tries to replicate the other.” (Nieva, 2012)

10. Slide 10 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Different Definition of the Self “Self is what others see me and how I see myself.” (Calapas, 2012) “The self is basically what the society feeds us so we can have a clear picture of who we are.” (De Guzman, 2012)

11. Slide 11 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Different Definition of the Self “The self is your inner consciousness, your way of thinking. It is the core of your values, your actions, your perceptions.” (Go, 2012) “The self is an interpretation of who you are. It is what makes you, you.” (Talatala, 2012)

12. Slide 12 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Different Views

13. Slide 13 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

14. Slide 14 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

15. Slide 15 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. SELF Family Friends Boy/Girl Friends Society Religion Environment Hobbies Experiences People Media Values God Problem History Church Parents School FRAMEWORK OF SELF DEVELOPED BY INTSOCI STUDENTS

16. Slide 16 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Cooley: Looking-Glass Self █ View of ourselves comes from contemplation of personal qualities (values, attitudes, personality, habits, interests) and impressions of how others perceive us Looking-glass self: The self is product of social interactions with other people Module 14

17. Slide 17 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Looking Glass Self We imagine how we appear to those around us. (how others see us) We interpret other’s reactions. (like or dislike) We develop a self-concept. (based on belongingness, rejection, positive or negative self-concept)

18. Slide 18 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Mead: Stages of the Self █ Preparatory Stage: Children imitate people around them –As they grow older, children become more adept at using symbols Module 14

19. Slide 19 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Mead: Stages of the Self █ Play Stage: Children develop skill in communicating through symbols and role taking occurs –Role taking: Process of mentally assuming perspective of another and responding from that imagined viewpoint Module 14

20. Slide 20 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Mead: Stages of the Self █ Game Stage: Children of about 8 or 9 consider several actual tasks and relationships simultaneously Generalized others: Attitudes, viewpoints, and expectations of society as a whole that a child takes into account Module 14

21. Slide 21 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Mead: Theory of the Self █ Self begins as a central position in a person’s world █ As the person matures, the self changes and begins to reflect greater concern about reactions of others Significant others: Individuals most important in the development of the self Module 14

22. Slide 22 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Table 14-1: Mead’s Stages of the Self Module 14

23. Slide 23 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Goffman: Presentation of the Self █ Impression management: Individual learns to slant presentation of self to create distinctive appearances and satisfy particular audiences –Also known as dramaturgical approach Face-work: Need to maintain proper image of self to continue social interaction Module 14

24. Slide 24 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Psychological Approaches to the Self █ Piaget –Emphasized stages that humans progress through as the self develops –Cognitive theory of development: four stages in development of children’s thought processes Social interaction key to development Module 14

25. Slide 25 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Stages of Development Sensorimotor Stage (birth to age 2) Understanding is limited Contact based on sucking, touching, listening, and seeing Infants cannot think yet

26. Slide 26 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Stages of Development Preoperational Stage (2-7 years) Children develop the ability to use symbols. They understand common concepts like size, color, speed, causation. They can count but they do not understand what it means

27. Slide 27 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Stages of Development Concrete Operational Stage (7 to 12) Can understand numbers, causation, speed and they are able to take the role of the other.

28. Slide 28 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Stages of Development Formal Operational Stage (12) Abstract thinking Can talk about concepts It is at this stage that children act like young philosophers

29. Slide 29 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Life Course █ Rites of Passage: Means of dramatizing and validating changes in a person’s status █ Life Course Approach: Looking closely at social factors that influence people throughout their lives Most difficult socialization challenges occur in later years Module 14

30. Slide 30 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Anticipatory Socialization and Resocialization █ Anticipatory socialization: Person “rehearses” future occupations and social relationships █ Resocialization: Discarding former behavior patterns and accepting new ones during transitions in one’s life Module 14

31. Slide 31 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Table 14-3: Milestones in the Transition to Adulthood Module 14

32. Slide 32 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Agents of Socialization █ Family █ Cultural Influences █ The Impact of Race and Gender Gender roles: Expectations regarding proper behavior, attitudes, and activities of males and females Module 15

33. Slide 33 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Agents of Socialization █ School –Teaches values and customs of larger society –Traditionally socialized children into conventional gender roles █ Peer Group –As children grow older, peer groups increasingly assume role of Mead’s significant others Module 15

34. Slide 34 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Agents of Socialization █ Mass Media and Technology –Technology socializes families into multitasking as social norm –68% of U.S. children have television in their bedrooms –Nearly half of youths ages 8 to 18 use the Internet every day Module 15

35. Slide 35 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Agents of Socialization █ Workplace –Learning to behave appropriately within occupational setting is a fundamental aspect of human socialization █ Religion and State –Government and organized religion impact life course by reinstituting some rites of passage Module 15

36. Slide 36 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Table 15-1: High School Popularity Module 15

37. Slide 37 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Research Today █ Online Socializing: A New Agent of Socialization –Do you list your “friends” on an online social networking site? If so, what is your motivation for doing so? –Do you think the advantages of online social networking outweigh the disadvantages? Module 15

38. Slide 38 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 15-1: The New Normal: Internet at Home Module 15

39. Slide 39 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Child Care Around the World –In the U.S., 73% of employed mothers depend on others to care for their children –30% of mothers who aren’t employed have regular care arrangements Module 15

40. Slide 40 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Child Care Around the World █ Looking at the Issue –Researchers found high quality child-care centers do not adversely affect socialization of children –Few in U.S. can afford to have a parent stay at home  Finding the right kind of day care is challenging Module 15

41. Slide 41 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Child Care Around the World █ Applying Sociology –Interactionists favor studies assessing quality of child care outside of home; micro level of analysis –Conflict perspective notes child care costs are burden for lower-class families –Feminist perspective questions low status and wages of day-care workers Module 15

42. Slide 42 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Child Care Around the World █ Initiating Policy –Policies vary throughout the world –When policymakers decide child care is desirable, must determine degree taxpayers subsidize it Module 15