Chapter 2: Native Americans

Early people

Other Theories Why – recent discoveries Why many Native Americans believe - their people have always lived in the Americas The Land Bridge Story - Early people crossed a bridge of land from Asia to North America. Early Ways of Life How Ways of Life Changed – from hunting animals to farming and settling in one place Why Ways of Life Changed – because climate became warmer and drier, and giant animals died out The Olmec and the Maya The Olmec Civilization Achievements – strong trade system, systems of writing and counting, caledar The Mayan Civilization – Culture- influenced by Olmec traditions, writing and counting system, social classes, and build stone cities Other Civilizations Who – Mound Builders Who – Ancient Puebloans What they built – large earth mounds What their houses were like – many levels, built against canyon walls or in caves

Cultural maps

Using a Cultural Map A cultural map is a map that shows different groups who live in a place and what they have in common. A cultural region is an area in which people share some ways of life. Same climate and landforms Same animals and vegetation

Eastern Woodlands

The Common Good

Essential Question: Why is achieving the common good important to the success of a group or country?

“Look and listen for the welfare of the whole people and have always in view not only the present but also coming generations…” from the Iroquois Constitution How do these words show that the Iroquois were concerned about not just themselves, but also people in the future?

Common good

Plains Native Americans

Essential question: How did geography and climate of the plains affect the Native Americans there?

Life on the Plains Lived on the Interior Plains between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains

Hunting the Buffalo Buffalo = main source of food for Plains Native Americans Uses of the buffalo Food Clothing/Moccasins Tools Shelter Utensils

Hunting the Buffalo Ways To Use the Buffalo

Farmers and Hunters People of the Central Plains (Iowa, Missouri, Sioux, etc.) Lived in the Central Plains or the eastern parts of the Plains Hunters and gatherers and farmers Lived in lodges (home to several families)

A Nomadic Society People of the Great Plains (Cheyenne, Kiowa, Crow, etc.) Lived in the Great Plains or western part of the Plains Moved from place to place to follow herds of buffalo (NO FARMING) Lived in tepees (homes that could move)

Plains Cultures Government Traditions and Religious Beliefs Different tribes in the Plains had different governments No one person was more important than another Traditions and Religious Beliefs Shared traditions and beliefs Ceremonies – corn harvest, buffalo hunts, Sun Dance, etc.

The SOUTHWEST AND WEST NATIVE AMERICANS

The Southwest Pueblo People Hopi – present-day Arizona Zuni – present-day New Mexico Groups in the region are called the Pueblo peoples. Lived on mesas or the sides of steep canyons Houses = pueblos Grew staple crops – corn, beans, and squash Stored surplus water

The Navajo Four Corners Nomads

Pueblo Culture Pueblo houses (pueblos) Navajo houses (hogans) Used stones and mud Adobe – sun-dried bricks of clay and straw Villages – close together Navajo houses (hogans) Cone-shaped wooden shelter covered in mud or adobe Villages – far apart

Religion and Government Held special ceremonies Medicine people – religious leaders and healers Religious leaders were usually chiefs.

Groups to the West Shoshone Nez Perce Chumash Great Basin Hunters Columbia Plateau Fishermen Chumash Southern California Fishermen Traders Canoe builders

Trading FOR NEEDED GOODS Trade networks Helped to get goods from far away without traveling far

The Northwest AND THE ARCTIC

A REGION OF PLENTY Northwest Coast or Pacific Northwest Stretches from the Pacific Ocean to the mountains in the east Includes Oregon, Washington, and western Canada

People of the Northwest Coast Kwakiutl, Makah, and Chinook Fishing, hunting, and gathering Salmon = staple food Whales – important resource Food Fat for oil lamps

Resources and Trade Family Shelters Wood Longhouses – bigger than the Iroquois Clans – included extended families and made decisions Wood Dishes, utensils, spoons, etc. Totem poles – tell a story or welcome visitors or traders

The Dalles Chinook = best-known traders of the Northwest Dalles Center of trade network Language barrier Bartered A Potlatch Celebration Shows wealth

Lands of the North Arctic – near the North Pole Aleut and Inuit Hunted foxes, caribou, and polar bears Hunted seals, walruses, and whales Limited resources – used everything Igloos

Life in the sub-arctic Eastern Canada to Alaska Cree Hunting and gathering Used bows and arrows