Chapter 7, Adaptation: Environment and Cultures Key Terms.

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Chapter 7, Adaptation: Environment and Cultures Key Terms

adaptation Process by which organisms develop physical and behavioral characteristics allowing them to survive and reproduce in their habitats. hunting and gathering (foraging) Adaptation based on harvest of only wild (undomesticated) plants and animals.

agriculture Adaptation based primarily on the planting, tending, and harvesting of domesticated plants (crops). herding (pastoralism) Adaptation based on control and breeding of domesticated livestock, which are taken to naturally occurring pasturelands.

band A small foraging group with flexible composition that migrates seasonally. domestication The process by which people control the distribution, abundance, and biological features of certain plants and animals, in order to increase their usefulness to humans.

horticulture A method of cultivation in which hand tools powered by human muscles are used. intensive agriculture A system of cultivation in which plots are planted annually or semiannually; usually uses irrigation, natural fertilizers, and plows powered by animals.

surplus The amount of food a worker produces in excess of the consumption of herself or himself and his or her dependents. civilization A form of complex society in which many people live in cities.

peasants Rural people who are integrated into a larger society politically and economically. nomadism Seasonal mobility often involving migration to high-altitude areas during the hottest and driest parts of the year.