© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman/Vernoy/Vernoy: Psychology in Action 5e Psychology in Action, Fifth Edition by Karen Huffman, Mark Vernoy, and Judith Vernoy PowerPoint  Lecture Notes Presentation Chapter 4: Consciousness Paul J. Wellman Texas A&M University

© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman/Vernoy/Vernoy: Psychology in Action 5e Lecture Overview Sleep and Dreams Drugs and Consciousness Alternate States of Consciousness

© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman/Vernoy/Vernoy: Psychology in Action 5e Consciousness Consciousness refers to a general state of being aware and responsive to stimuli within the internal and external environments –Levels of awareness: TOP: Controlled processes that require attention (and interfere with other functions) MIDDLE: Automatic processes requiring minimal attention (riding your bike) LOWEST: Minimal or no awareness

© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman/Vernoy/Vernoy: Psychology in Action 5e Myths of Sleep  Everyone needs 8 hrs of sleep per night to maintain health  Learning of complicated subjects can be done during sleep  Some people never dream  Dreams last only a few seconds  Genital arousal during sleep reflects dream content

© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman/Vernoy/Vernoy: Psychology in Action 5e EEG Changes During Sleep

© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman/Vernoy/Vernoy: Psychology in Action 5e Sleep Stages During a Night

© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman/Vernoy/Vernoy: Psychology in Action 5e Functions of Sleep REM Sleep: –Consolidation of new memories –Role in learning –Absent in lower mammals Non-REM sleep –People deprived of all sleep show greater time spent in non-REM sleep the next night

© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman/Vernoy/Vernoy: Psychology in Action 5e Effects of Sleep Deprivation  Reduced immunity  Mood alteration  Reduced concentration and motivation  Increased irritability  Lapses in attention  Reduced motor skills

© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman/Vernoy/Vernoy: Psychology in Action 5e Theories of Sleep Repair/Restoration: –Sleep allows for recuperation from physical, emotional, and intellectual fatigue Evolutionary/Circadian –Sleep is part of a circadian cycle –Sleep evolved to conserve energy and protect from predators

© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman/Vernoy/Vernoy: Psychology in Action 5e Theories of Dreaming Psychoanalytic: Dreams represent disguised symbols of repressed desires and anxieties Biological: Dreams represent random activation of brain cells during sleep Cognitive: Dreams help to sift and sort the events of the day

© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman/Vernoy/Vernoy: Psychology in Action 5e Sleep Disorders

© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman/Vernoy/Vernoy: Psychology in Action 5e Drugs Drugs are chemicals that have biological effects in the body Psychoactive drugs are chemicals that change conscious awareness or perception –Depressants slow down the nervous system –Stimulants speed up the nervous system –Narcotics relieve pain –Hallucinogens alter sensory perception

© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman/Vernoy/Vernoy: Psychology in Action 5e Drug Use and Abuse Drug Abuse: Drug use that causes emotional or physical harm Addiction results from repeated drug use –Tolerance: more drug is required –Drug absence leads to withdrawal symptoms Drug dependence can be –Physical –Psychological

© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman/Vernoy/Vernoy: Psychology in Action 5e How Drugs Work

© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman/Vernoy/Vernoy: Psychology in Action 5e Drug Action on Neurons

© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman/Vernoy/Vernoy: Psychology in Action 5e Factors that Lead to Drug Abuse  Positive associations  Addiction  Prevention of withdrawal  Individual/sociocultural forces

© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman/Vernoy/Vernoy: Psychology in Action 5e Hypnosis Hypnosis is an altered state of heightened suggestibility The hypnotic state is characterized by –Narrow and focused attention –Imagination and hallucinations –Passive receptive attitude –Reduced reaction to pain –Heightened suggestibility

© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman/Vernoy/Vernoy: Psychology in Action 5e Myths of Hypnosis  People can be hypnotized against their will  People will do immoral things while hypnotized  Hypnosis improves memory recall  Hypnotized persons have special strength  Hypnosis involves a form of role playing

© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman/Vernoy/Vernoy: Psychology in Action 5e Altered States

© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman/Vernoy/Vernoy: Psychology in Action 5e Copyright Copyright 2000 by John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY. All rights reserved. No part of the material protected by this copyright may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission of the copyright owner.