1. Altered States of Consciousness pt. 1 (2-4%)
Engage Hyper Link

2. Why is sleep important? To rest and repair (physically and mentally)
To consolidate memories and skills
Necessary for brain development
Protective

3. Biological Rhythms
Circadian Rhythm is our 24 hour biological clock.
Our body temperature and awareness changes throughout the day.
Annual Cycles: seasonal variations (bears hibernation, seasonal affective disorder)
28 day cycles: menstrual cycle.
24 hour cycle: our circadian rhythm
90 minute cycle: sleep cycles.

4. Measuring Sleep Changes
Electroencephalograph (EEG)
Beta Waves: Small fast waves associated with alertness and awakeness
Alpha Waves: Large, slow waves associated with relaxation and falling asleep

5. Sleep Stages There are 5 identified stages of sleep.
It takes about minutes to pass through the 5 stages.
The brain’s waves will change according to the sleep stage you are in.
The first four sages and know as NREM sleep..
The fifth stage is called REM sleep.

6. Stages of Sleep
Stage 1: Alpha and theta waves produced in light sleep
Hypnic Jerk: Reflex muscle twitch throughout body that may occur
Stage 2: Deeper sleep; sleep spindles (distinctive brain-wave activity of half second or longer)
Stage 3: Deeper sleep; Delta waves appear (very large and slow), breathing regular, BP falls.
Stage 4: Deepest level of normal sleep; almost purely Delta waves (50%) – less blood flow to the brain

7. Stage Five: REM SLEEP REM: Rapid Eye Movement
This is a very active stage of sleep.
Composes % of a normal nights sleep.
Breathing, heart rate and brain wave activity quicken.
Vivid Dreams can occur.
From REM, you go back to Stage 2

8. How much sleep do we need?
We all need different amounts of sleep depending on our age and genetics.
But we ALL sleep- about 25 years on average.

9. Theories of Sleep Kind of like nigh-time construction
Repair/Restoration
Sleep allows for recuperation from physical, emotional, and intellectual fatigue
Survival Value
Sleep evolved to conserve energy and protect our ancestors from predators
Necessary for brain development
Kind of like nigh-time construction

10. Theories of Dreaming
Psychoanalytic: Dreams represent disguised symbols of repressed desires and anxieties.
Manifest versus latent content
Biological: Dreams represent random activation of brain cells during sleep.
Cognitive: Dreams help to sift and sort the events of the day.
© 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 7E

11. Dreams
A sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind.
Manifest Content: the remembered storyline of a dream. (what the man thinks it is)
Latent Content: the underlying meaning of a dream. (what your dream really means)

12. WHY DO WE DREAM!? Activation-synthesis hypothesis: Problem Solving
Dreams represent random activation of brain cells during REM sleep
Problem Solving
Dreams focus on the problems we have in an attempt to find a solution
Threat simulation
Dreams evolved to help us practice skills we need to avoid threats.

13. “Sometimes, a cigar is just a cigar.”
Wish Fulfillment –
Freud’s Dream Theory…
A.K.A. Psychoanalytic theory: Dreams represent disguised symbols of repressed desires and anxieties
Manifest Content: symbols used to disguise true meaning of dream
Latent Content: true unconscious meaning of a dream
“Sometimes, a cigar is just a cigar.”
- Freud, on the
meaning of dreams

14. Information-Processing Theory
Dreams act to sort out and understand the memories that you experience that day.
REM sleep does increase after stressful events.

15. Physiological Function Theories
Activation-Synthesis Theory:
during the night our brainstem releases random neural activity, dreams may be a way to make sense of that activity.

16. Sleep Duration in Mammals

17. Effects of Sleep Deprivation
Reduced immunity
Mood alteration
Reduced concentration and motivation
Increased irritability
Lapses in attention
Reduced motor skills

18. Sleep Apnea
A sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and consequent momentary reawakening.

19. Night Terrors
A sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified.
Occur in Stage 4, not REM, and are not often remembered.

20. Sleepwalking .
Sleep walking most often occurs during deep non-REM sleep (stage 3 or stage 4 sleep) early in the night.

21. Insomnia Insomnia is the inability to fall asleep.
It is common problem that most people
experience at least occasionally.

22. Narcolepsy
It is a condition that causes patients to fall asleep uncontrollably throughout the day for periods lasting less than a minute to more than half an hour.

23. Hypnosis
Crime recall - Improves recall, more sure, but sometimes more distorted
Age regression
Past-life regression

24. Hypnosis Hypnosis is an altered state of heightened suggestibility.
The hypnotic state is characterized by:
Narrow and focused attention
Imagination
Passive receptive attitude
Reduced reaction to pain
Heightened suggestibility

25. Myths of Hypnosis People can be hypnotized against their will.
People will do immoral things while hypnotized.
Hypnosis improves memory recall.
Hypnotized persons have special strength.
Hypnosis is fake.

26. Altered States
Meditation refers to a set of techniques that promote a heightened sense of awareness.
can involve body movements and posture, focusing of attention on a focal point, or control of breathing
can induce relaxation, lower blood pressure, and can be associated with a sense of euphoria

27. Day Dreaming

28. Why do we daydream? They can nourish our social development.
They can help us prepare for future events.
They can nourish our social development.
Can substitute for impulsive behavior.

29. Part Two: DRUGS Drugs: Engage Hyperlink:

30. Drugs Psychoactive Drug: Substance capable of altering behavior
Stimulant: Substance that increases activity in body and nervous system
Depressant: Substance that decreases activity in body and nervous system
Hallucinogen: Substance that alters or distorts sensory perceptions

31. Drug Tolerance Tolerance
After repeated
exposure, more
drug is needed
to produce
same effect
Drug dose
Drug
effect
Response to
first exposure
Tolerance
Decrease in effect of a drug with repeated use…

32. Physical & Psychological Dependence
Physical Dependence: Addiction based on drug tolerance and withdrawal symptoms
Drug Tolerance: Reduction in body’s response to a drug
Withdrawal Symptoms: Physical illness following withdrawal of the drug
Psychological Dependence: Drug dependence based on psychological or emotional needs

33. Stimulants
Amphetamines (Speed)
Cocaine
Crack
“the crash”

34. Caffeine Most frequently used psychoactive drug
Causes hand tremors, sweating, talkativeness, tinnitus, suppresses fatigue or sleepiness, increases alertness
Caffeinism: Physiological dependence on caffeine
Withdrawal: Insomnia, irritability, loss of appetite, chills, racing heart, elevated body temperature

35. Nicotine Natural stimulant found mainly in tobacco
May cause stomach pain, vomiting, diarrhea, confusion, tremors
Highly Addictive
Responsible for 97% of lung cancer deaths in men, 74% in women

37. What is in a cigarette?

38. Second-hand smoke

39. Depressants Alcohol: NOT a stimulant but DOES lower inhibitions
BBC's Horizon Is alcohol worse
Barbiturates: Sedative drugs that depress brain activity
Induce sleep, promote talkativeness, social interaction
Benzodiazepines : Lower anxiety & tension
Safer than Barbiturates
Rohypnol: Related to Valium; lowers inhibitions and produces relaxation or intoxication. Larger doses can induce short-term amnesia and sleep
Drug Interaction: One drug increases the effect of another
GHB: depressant that relaxes and sedates; combination of degreasing solvent and drain cleaner
Alcohol: NOT a stimulant but DOES lower inhibitions
Depressant-impacts glutamate, serotonin and dopamine
Binge Drinking: Five or more drinks in a short time; four or more for women - Serious sign of alcohol abuse

40. Involved in up to 60% of all crimes.

41. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Dawn Farm Education Series Oct 25, 2007

42. Depressants Opiates Heroin and morphine
Addition comes fast and the withdrawal symptoms are bad

43. Some Health Risks of Using Marijuana
Causes precancerous changes in lung cells.
Can suppress immune system, perhaps increasing risk of disease.
Activity levels in the cerebellum are lower than normal in pot users.
Pot may damage some of the brain’s memory centers.

44. Treatment for Alcohol Abuse and Dependence
Detoxification: Withdrawal of the person from alcohol; occurs in a medical setting and is tightly controlled; often necessary before long-term treatment begins
Alcoholics Anonymous (AA): Worldwide self-help organization composed of recovering alcoholics; emphasizes admitting powerlessness over alcohol usage and wanting to recover.