Faisal Mamicpic Alih Urban Environmental Management School of Environment, Resources and Development ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Paratransit services in general – Major source of mobility – Varies in types and sizes depending on the urban setting – Serves as ‘gap-fillers’ – Serves a complementary role in the absence of formal transport Paratransit in the Philippines – Tricycles, motorcycles, jeepneys – Jeepneys serve as major transport mode in middle-sized cities – In some cases they operate alongside buses and other modes – Utilizes modified trucks and manufactured in local shops using second hand engines

Jeepneys cause of congestion and road accidents Jeepneys contribute much to pollution Jeepneys are obsolete Jeepneys are polluters Jeepneys need to be eradicated and changed with modern transport systems However, jeepneys provide vital access and mobility for people especially those who are transport disadvantaged.

The Co-benefit Concept – Formulated because of the pressing environmental problems and the ‘alarming’ rate of climate change – Overlaps climate change and air pollution measures – Measures include bus rapid transit (BRTs) systems, increasing energy efficiency, and switching to cleaner fuels or renewable energy sources.

 Multi-benefits refer to the socio-economic and environmental benefits that paratransit offer/should offer  Multi-benefits provide a deeper understanding of the continued popularity and patronage of paratransit  The emphasis is on the multi-benefits accrued from operations and not on strategies which are otherwise termed co-benefits  Determining multi-benefits allows for more targeted co-benefit strategies of paratransit taking into account its complex socio- economic and environmental considerations.

 What is the service delivery system of the most common paratransit service in Cebu City?  What are the factors that influence the demand for paratransit services?  What are the multi-benefits accrued from the operations of paratransit services?  How are the multi-benefits achieved from the operations of paratransit services?  To understand the service delivery of a quasi-formal jeepney paratransit system  To explain the popularity of the quasi-formal jeepney paratransit system in relation to the socioeconomic conditions of the city  To describe the multi-benefits accrued from paratransit operations  To explore the multi-benefit linkages that are essential in a sustainable and inclusive urban transport system.

 People’s activities  Socioeconomic conditions  Population change  Employment The significant difference in women and men’s travel frequency is may be due to gender disaggregated roles. The insignificant difference may be attributed to the fact that women and men have equal travel opportunities.

 Geographical considerations  Sprawl  Multi-centric character  Distance of places of residence and places of work and activities  Infrastructure conditions  Narrow roads  Poor quality of associated transport infrastructure Source: Cebu City (2008)

 The Route system  The Fare system -Spread over the entire city to connect fringe areas to city center -Designated by LTFRB and city government -A jeepney is only authorized to ply 1 route -Formulated by LTFRB -Directly paid to driver -Cost to the commuter but benefit to driver and their families -Allows drivers’ families to have control of daily income

 Utilized to determine service quality of transport  Service quality is a very important factor of travel demand  Performed based on various socio-economic and environmental attributes of the service  Includes both tangible and intangible multi-benefits  Drawn from people’s perceptions by ranking, among other tools  Major Multi-benefit areas  Environmental quality  Livelihood opportunity  Access provision

 The multi-benefits of emissions and pollution contribution are not achieved in a business-as-usual scenario  A survey by Cebu City Traffic Operations and Management showed that only 18% of jeepneys comply with Clean Air Act emission standards  People do not perceive the benefit of less emissions  The perception on emissions varies negatively with operational speed  Different impacts on women and men as women travel more.

 Jeepney system is more of a small enterprise than employment  Jeepneys are a major source of income for people from the lower income brackets  Adequacy of income is vital for household needs to be addressed  Wives can have more control of household finance with the availability of adequate income

 The major social benefit of the jeepney system  Based on the opportunity to use the system  Women and men are able to carry out their respective tasks and further access opportunities, goods and services anywhere in the city  In spite of the insignificant differences, more women positively perceive the benefit than men because of their frequent utilization of jeepneys

 Multi-benefits  Operates in a wide service area  Available anywhere  Convenient transfers  Available anytime  Provides direct service to destination  Standardized low fare  Protection from the elements  Provides livelihood  Attributes that have potential multi-benefits  There is no feeling of safety  Poor physical quality makes the ride not comfortable  Does not reliably provide discounts to entitled commuters  Does not regularly operate on a 24-hour basis  Polluting

 Identifying multi-benefits provides a holistic picture of a wide range of benefits that have been oftentimes overlooked and that which should have been targets of policy measures.  A gender perspective in multi-benefit study allows for deeper understanding of how women and men perceive the attributes of service quality based on gender responsibilities.  Allows for Co-benefit strategies to target environmental quality, livelihood and access in order to achieve a holistic set of benefits  Creates avenues for gradual change that would increase jeepney multi-benefits through redesign and reengineering based on efficiency and anthropometrics.  Transport policy and strategies should be geared towards increasing public transport utilization and promoting universal access and inclusiveness.

 Study the jeepney with respect to other modes of transport such as walking and related infrastructure in order to get a holistic picture of the entire public transport system and its multi- benefits.  Conduct more studies on social inclusion and determine how the jeepneys are barriers to and potential vehicles for social inclusion.  Given the multi-benefits on a range of socioeconomic and energy-environment dimensions, studies should be performed on how they could be linked to co-benefit strategies and on how the latter should be formulated in order to achieve the former.  How the benefit of access as provided by jeepneys has able to increase people’s incomes through the access to employment and other goods and services.

It is not a crazy idea of studying the possibility and feasibility of a Jeepney Rapid Transit system patterned after the Bus Rapid Transit system but one which is able to serve areas where the bus is not able to cover. THANK YOU SO MUCH