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dfgj clwsf/ tyf dfgjLo sfg'g Human Rights and Humanitarian Law

dfgj clwsf/ Human Rights

dfgjclwsf/ eGgfn] æTo:tf cfwf/e"t clwsf/ / :jtGqtf a'lemG5, h;sf ;a} JolQmx¿ xsbf/ /xG5g\. o:tf clwsf/x¿df d"ntM hLjg / :jtGqtfsf] clwsf/, ljrf/ / cleJolQmsf] :jtGqtf / sfg'gL b[li6df ;dfgtfh:tf clwsf/x¿ kb{5g\.Æ – cd]l/sg x]l/6]h l8S:g/L ckm OËln; Nofª\Uj]h ;du|df eGbf dfgjclwsf/ eg]sf tL clwsf/x¿ x'g\ h'g k|To]s JolQmn] pkef]u ug{sf nflu kl/eflift ul/Psf 5g\ / ;+/lIft ul/g'kb{5 egL tf]lsPsf 5g\ (Which every human being is entitled to enjoy and to have protected) dfgjclwsf/sf] kl/efiff Definition of Human Rights

dfgj clwsf/ dflg;x¿sf] cfˆgf] hGdl;¢ clwsf/ xf] dfgjclwsf/ lsGGf'kg]{, sdfpg'kg]{ of ;fk6df lng'kg]{ ljifo xf]Og. of] :jtM ;dfgtfsf cfwf/df ;a}n] lgjf{w ¿kdf k|of]u ug{ kfpg] ePsf]n] o;nfO{ …cx/0fLoÚ / …hGdl;¢Ú clwsf/ klg elgG5. o;nfO{ dfgjhfltsf] …k|fs[lts clwsf/Ú klg elgG5. dfgjclwsf/sf] kl/efiff Definition of Human Rights

dfgj clwsf/sf] P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ld Historical Background of Human Rights

O{=;+ df j]nfotsf /fhf hf]g (John) / hgtfx¿sf]aLrdf clwsf/ jf‘8kmf‘8sf] Ps lnlvt ;Demf}tf ePsf] lyof], h;nfO{ …DofUgfsf6f{Ú (Magna Carta) elgG5. pQm ;Demf}tfdf hgtfx¿sf] clwsf/sf af/]df pNn]v ul/Psf] lyof]. of] ;Demf}tf g} dfgj clwsf/sf] klxnf] lnlvt b:tfj]h dflgG5. DofUgfsf6f{n] s'g} P]g agfpg] clwsf/ ;+;bnfO{ x'g'kg]{, ;+;bsf] l:js[tL lagf /fhfn] s'g}klg s/ (Tax) nufpg gkfpg], :jtGq Gofo Joj:yf / sg'gsf] ;jf]{Rrtf x'g'kg]{ cflb h:tf dxTjk"0f{ clwsf/x¿sf af/]df pNn]v u/]sf] 5. ;g\ …DofUgfsf6f{Ú (Magna Carta)

a]nfotdf /fhf / hgtfaLrdf clwsf/sf] nflu rn]sf] nfdf] ;+3if{ kZrft\ /fhfsf clwsf/x¿ tf]Sg O{=;+= !^*( df Pp6f b:tfj]h hf/L eof] h;nfO{ …clwsf/ kqÚ (Bill of Rights) elgG5. o;nfO{ /fhf / hgtfaLr ePsf] klxnf] ;fdflhs ;Demf}tf klg elgG5. ;g\ !^*(– …clwsf/kqÚ (Bill of Rights)

cd]/Lsfdf klg "Bill of Rights" df cGt/lglxt s'/fx¿nfO{ cfTd;ft ub}{ O{=;+= !&&^ df cd]l/sL :jtGqtfsf] 3f]if0ff hf/L ul/of]. ;g\ !&&^– cd]l/sL :jtGqtfsf] 3f]if0ff (Declaration of American Independence)

x/]s dflg;nfO{ :jtGqtf / cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/ 5 eGg] wf/0ff;Fu} ;g\ !&*( df k|mG;]nL /fHoqmflGt ;DkGg eof]. ;g\ !&*(– k|mfG;]nL /fHoqmflGt (French Revolution)

c7f/f}+ ztfAbLdf /fi6«x¿aLrdf a9\b} uPsf] xf]8afhLsf sf/0f dfgj clwsf/sf] ljsf;df g} vt/f pTkGg x'g;Sg] eon] hftL, wd{, efiff, / lnËsf] lje]bsf] cGTo ug]{ d'Vo p2]Zosf;fy ;+ul7t ¿kdf dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0fsf] nflu !) hgj/L df …lnu ckm g];G;Ú (League of Nations) sf] ljlwjt :yfkgf eof]. lnu ckm g];G;sf y'k|} k|of;x¿sf afjh'b ;g\ !(!$ b]lv !(!* / ;g\ !(#( b]lv !($% sf]aLr rn]sf ljgfzsf/L b'O{j6f ljZjo'¢n] tL ;Dk"0f{ k|of;x¿nfO{ lg/y{sk|fo agfOlbof]. !) hgj/L – …lnu ckm g];G;Ú (League of Nations)

@$ cS6'j/ !($% sf lbg ljZjsf /fi6«x¿s]f ;femf ;+u7gsf] ¿kdf ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3 (United Nations Organization - UNO) sf] :yfkgf eof]. ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] :yfkgfsf] nuQ} dfgj clwsf/sf] ljsf;sf nflu 7f]; k|of;x¿ x'g cS6f]j/ !($% – ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3 (United Nations) sf] :yfkgf

Dffgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o ;+oGqx¿ (International Instruments of Human Rights)

Declaration -3f]if0ff_ Covenants -cle;lGw÷cg'jGw_ Conventions -dxf;lGw_ Optional Protocols -P]lR5s pkn]v÷cfn]v÷ k|n]v_

;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] :yfkgf nuQ} dfgj clwsf/sf] c¿ Jofks / :ki6 Joj:yfsf nflu ;g\ !($^ sf] k|f/Dedf Ps dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u u7g cfof]un] /fi6«;+3sf] efjgf cg'¿k !($& df dfgj clwsf/sf] lnlvt d:of}bf tof/ qmdzM dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ff – !) l8;]Da/ !($* (Universal Declaration of Human Rights – 10 December 1948)

;f] d:of}bfnfO{ ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] dfxf;efn] !) l8;]Da/ !($* sf lbg kfl/t u¥of], h;nfO{ dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ff (Universal Declaration of Human Rights-UDHR) elgG5. æcGofo / cTofrf/sf lj¿¢ cGo pkfo gkfP/ lj›f]x ug'{ g} clGtd pkfo xf] eGg] dflg;x¿n] g7fg'g\ eGg] xf] eg] dfgjclwsf/x¿ sfg'gL zf;gåf/f ;+/lIft x'g'kb{5Æ eGg] k|:tfjgf dfgj clwsf/k|lt cjx]ngf tyf cgfb/sf] kl/0ffdaf6 aa{/ sfd eO{ dfgj h.tLsf] cGt:s/0fdf rf]6 k'¥ofpg] x'gfn] dflg;x¿ :jtGq x'g'kb{5, eo / cefjaf6 d'lQm kfpg' kb{5 eGg] d"n dd{ qmdzM

k|frLgsfnb]lv dfgj clwsf/sf] kIfdf ePsf cfGbf]ngsf pknAwLx¿sf] ¿kdf dfgj clwsf/sf] Ps dfq k"0f{ b:tfj]h / ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3s} dxTjk"0f{ pknAwL dfgjclwsf/sf] kl/efiff ug]{ lg0ff{os / cflwsfl/s b:tfj]h #) j6f wf/fdf dflg;sf] clwsf/sf] kl/efiff gful/s tyf /fhg}lts clwsf/ Pj+ cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[ltsx¿ ;d]l6Psf] qmdzM

wf/f # MhLjgsf] clwsf/. wf/f %M s;}nfO{ klg oftgf jf qm"/, cdfgjLo jf ckdfghgs Jojxf/ jf ;hfo ul/g]5}g. wf/f ( M s;}nfO{ klg :j]R5frf/L tj/n] lu/ˆtf/, y'g5]s jf b]zlgsfnf ul/g]5}g. wf/f !* M k|To]s JolQmnfO{ ljrf/, cf:yf / wfld{s :jtGqtfsf] clwsf/ 5. o; clwsf/df wd{ jf cf:yf abNg] :jtGqtf / ;fj{hlgs jf JolQmut ¿kdf PSn} jf ;d"xdf cfˆgf] wd{ jf cf:yfnfO{ lzIf0f, cfr/0f, k"hf / kfngfåf/f k|s6 ug{] :jtGqtf;d]t ;dfj]z 5.

wf/f !( M k|To]s JolQmnfO{ ljrf/ / cleJolQm :jtGqtfsf] clwsf/ 5 -!_ k|To]s JolQmnfO{ sfd ug{], :j]R5fn] /f]huf/L /f]Hg] / sfd ug{sf nflu plrt Pj+ cg's"n kl/l:yltsf] ;[hgf / a]/f]huf/Laf6 ;+/If0f kfpg] clwsf/ 5. k|To]s JolQmnfO{ lagfe]befj ;dfg sfo{sf nflu ;dfg kfl/>lds kfpg] clwsf/ 5. -#_ sfd ug]{ k|To]s JolQm / lghsf] kl/jf/sf nflu dfgjLo k|lti7fcg'¿k hLljsfsf] aGbf]a:tsf nflu plrt / cg's"n kfl/>lds kfpg] / cfjZos eP ;fdflhs ;+/If0fåf/f To;df e/y]usf] clwsf/ x'g]5. -$_ k|To]s JolQmnfO{ p;sf] lxt ;+/If0fsf lgldQ 6«]8 o'lgog :yfkgf ug]{ / To;df ;lDdlnt x'g] clwsf/ 5.

o; 3f]if0ffdf pNn]v ul/Psf] clwsf/ / :jtGqtfx¿ k"0f{ ¿kn] k|fKt ug{sf] nflu k|To]s JolQmnfO{ ;fdflhs / cGt/f{li6«o Joj:yfsf] clwsf/ 5. -!_ k|To]s JolQmsf] ;dfh k|lt st{Jox¿ 5g\ / To:tf] ;dfhdf a;]/ dfq JolQmsf] :jtGq / k"0f{ ljsf; ;Dej 5. cfˆgf] clwsf/ / :jtGqtfsf] pkof]u ubf{ k|To]s JolQmn] c¿sf] clwsf/ / :jtGqtfx¿k|lt klg cfb/ ug'{ kb{5. -#_ oL clwsf/ / :jtGqtfx¿sf] k|of]u ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] l;4fGt / p2]Zosf] ljkl/t s'g} xfntdf pkef]u ug{ ;lsg] 5}g. wf/f #)M s'g} /fi6«, ju{ jf JolQmn] o; 3f]if0ffdf pNn]v ul/Psf clwsf/ / :jtGqtfx¿nfO{ s'7f/f3ft ug]{ p2]Zon] jf To:tf] lsl;dsf] sfd ug{ kfpg] u/L JofVof ug{ x'Fb}g.

cGt/lge{/, cljefHo, ;j{JofkL (Interdependent, Indivisible and Universal) t/ sfg'gL ¿kdf jfWosf/L b:tfj]h xf]Og. (Not a legally Binding Document but a morally binding document)

International Bill of Human Rights UDHR 1948 ICCPR 1966 ICESCR 1966

dfgj clwsf/sf k|d'v cGt/f{li6«o ;+oGqx¿ (The Core International Human Rights Instrument)

hfltafb / hftLo e]befj cflbsfnb]lv g} lg/Gt/ ;+3if{sf] sf/0f /lxcfPsf] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo gf]e]Da/ !(^# df o; ljifodf Ps 3f]if0ff e]befjsf] /f]syfd / cNk;+Vosx¿sf] ;+/If0f ljifos pk– cfof]un] dxf;lGwsf] d:of}bf tof/ u/L dxf;efdf l8;]Da/ !(^% df kfl/t u/L /fi6«x¿nfO{ x:tfIf/ / cg'df]bgsf] nflu v'nf pQm dxf;lGwsf] wf/f !( sf] k|fjwfg cg';f/ ;f] ;lGw $ hgj/L !(^( b]lv nfu" g]kfnn] o; dxf;lGwnfO{ #) hgj/L !(&! df cg'df]bg u/]sf] 5. hftLo e]befjsf ;a} :j¿kx¿sf] pGd"ng ljifos dxf;lGw !(^% (International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination – ICERD – 21 December 1965)

;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] dxf;efn] !^ l8;]Da/ !(^^ sf lbg kfl/t u/]/ x:tfIf/ / cg'df]bgsf nflu /fi6«x¿nfO{ v'nf ul/Psf] cle;lGwn] gful/sx¿sf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts clwsf/ ;DaGwdf lj:t[t rrf{ u/]sf] 5. cle;lGwsf] sf] k|fjwfg cg';f/ ;f] ;lGw # hgj/L !(&^ b]lv nfu" ePsf] g]kfnn] of] cle;lGwnnfO{ !$ d] !((! df cg'df]bg u/]sf] 5. cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;fF:s[lts clwsf/ ljifos ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo cle;lGw (UN Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights – IESCR– 1966)

of] cle;lGw / cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/ ljifos cg'aGw Ps};fy tof/ kfl/Psf] b'j} cle;lGw¿nfO{ ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo dxf;efn] Ps}lbg !^ l8;]Da/ !(^^ sf lbg kf/Lt u/L x:tfIf/ / cg'df]bgsf nflu v'nf u/]sf]. o; cle;lGwdf hLjgsf] clwsf/, :jtGqtfsf] clwsf/, Gofofno ;dIf ;dfgtfsf] clwsf/ h:tf s'/fx¿ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5. cle;lGwsf] wf/f $( sf] k|fjwfg dfr{ !(&^ b]lv nfu" g]kfnn] of] cle;lGwnfO{ !$ d] !((! df cg'df]bg u/]sf] 5. gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/ ljifos ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo cle;lGw (UN Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, - ICCPR – 1966)

;g\ !($* sf] dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkqdf JolQmut lzsfotkqsf] clwsf/sf] af/]df pNn]v gePsf] JolQmut lzsfotkqsf] clwsf/ ;+/If0fsf nflu ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo dxf;efn] ;g\ !(^^ df of] pkn]v kfl/t u/]sf] of] pkn]v clgjfo{ geO{ P]lR5s ePsf] x'gfn] o; pkn]vdf ePsf Joj:yfx¿ ;lxt / of] pkn]v cfkm}+ /fi6«x¿sf nflu OR5fwLg pkn]vsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 wf/f ( sf] k|fjwfg cg';f/ of] dfr{ !(&^ b]lv nfu" ePsf] 5. g]kfnn] of] pkn]vnfO{ !$ d] !((! df cg'df]bg u/]sf] 5. gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/ ljifos cle;lGw;Fu ;DalGwt k|yd P]lR5s pkn]v (Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights – OP 1 to the ICCPR – 16 December 1966)

;g\ !(^^ sf] gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/ ljifos cg'aGwsf] wf/f ^ sf] df lglZrt cj:yfdf ljBdfg sfg'gL k|lqmof k"/f u/]/ d[To'b08 lbg ;lsg] s'/f :jLsf/ ul/Psf] 5. s'g} klg s;'/df d[To'b08 lbg gx'g] s'/fsf] Uof/]G6L ug{ ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo dxf;efn] ;g\ !% l8;]Da/ !(*( df of] bf];|f] pkn]v tof/ u/]sf] xf]. o; pkn]vsf] wf/f ! df g} s;}nfO{ klg s'g} klg s;'/df d[To'b08 glbOg] s'/f pNn]v ul/g'sf ;fy} /fi6«x¿n] d[To'b08 pGd"ngsf nflu cfjZos pkfo cjnDag ug{'kg]{ s'/f pNn]v ul/Psf] 5. g]kfnn] of] cg'aGwnfO{ $ h'g !((* df cg'df]bg u/]sf] 5. gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/ ljifos cle;lGwsf] bf];|f] P]lR5s pkn]v (Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights – OP 2 to the ICCPR – 15 December 1989)

dlxnfx¿sf] clwsf/ ;+/If0fsf nflu ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo dxf;efn] !* l8;]Da/ !(&( df dlxnf lj¿4sf] e]befjsf ;a} :j¿kx¿sf] pGd"ng ljifos dxf;lGw kfl/t u/]sf] 5. pQm dxf;lGwsf] -!_ sf] k|fjwfg cg';f/ ;f] ;lGw # ;]K6]Da/ !(*! b]lv nfu" eof]. g]kfnn] of] dxf;lGwnfO{ clk|n !((! df cg'df]bg u/]sf] 5. dlxnf lj¿4sf] e]befjsf ;a} :j¿kx¿sf] pGd"ng ljifos ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo dxf;lGw !(&( (UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women – CEDAW – 18 December 1979)

dlxnflj?4sf] e]befjsf 36gfdf l;sfot;DaGwL k|lqmofsf af/]df Joj:yf ug{ ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo dxf;efjn] ^ cS6f]a/ !((( df dlxnflj?4sf] e]befjsf ;a} :j¿kx¿sf] pGd"ng ljifos dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s pkn]v kfl/t u/]sf] 5. pkn]vsf] wf/f !^ -!_ df Joj:yf ePadf]lhd b]lv pQm pkn]v nfu" ePsf] 5. o; pkn]vnfO{ g]kfnn] !% df cg'df]bg u/]sf] 5. dlxnflj?4sf] e]befjsf ;a} :j¿kx¿sf] pGd"ng ljifos dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s pkn]v !((( [Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (OP-CEDAW) 1999]

oftgfsf] /f]syfdsf nflu ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3af6 !) l8;]Da/ !(*$ df oftgf tyf cGo qm"/, cdfgjLo jf ckx]ngfTds Jojxf/ jf ;hfoF lj¿4sf] dxf;lGw kfl/t ePsf] 5. o;nfO{ oftgf lj¿4sf] dxf;lGw klg elgG5. pQm dxf;lGwsf] -!_ sf] k|fjwfg cg';f/ ;f] h'g !(*& b]lv nfu" eof]. g]kfnn] of] cg'aGwnfO{ !$ d] !((! df cg'df]bg u/]sf] 5. oftgf tyf cGo qm"/, cdfgjLo jf ckx]ngfTds Jojxf/ jf ;hfo lj¿4sf] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo dxf;lGw !(*$ (UN Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment 1984)

oftgflj?4sf] dxf;lGw !(*$ cg'df]bg ul/Pkl5 klg Jojxf/df oftgf g/f]lsPsf] s'/fnfO{ dWogh/ ub}{ gful/sx¿ cfˆgf :jtGqtfaf6 jl~rt ePsf :yfgx¿df lg/Gt/ cg'udg ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg] p2]Zon] !* l8;]Da/ df ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo dxf;efn] of] pkn]v kfl/t u/]sf] lyof]. pkn]vsf] -!_ sf] k|fjwfgcg';f/ b]lv of] pkn]v nfu" ePsf] 5. g]kfnn] of] cg'aGw cg'df]bg u/]sf] 5}g. oftgf tyf cGo qm"/, cdfgjLo jf ckx]ngfTds Jojxf/ jf ;hfolj?4sf] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s pkn]v (Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment 2002)

afn clwsf/sf] ;+/If0fsf nflu ;+o'Qm gf]e]Da/ !(*( df afnclwsf/ dxf;lGw kfl/t o;n] afn;+/If0f, afn ;xeflutf tyf afn ljsf;sf ljleGg clwsf/sf af/]df ljleGg Joj:yf u/]sf] 5. pQm dxf;lGwsf] -!_ sf] k|fjwfg cg';f/ ;f] ;]K6]Da/ !(() b]lv nfu" eof]. g]kfnn] of] cg'aGwnfO{ !$ ;]K6]Da/ !(() df cg'df]bg u/]sf] 5. afnclwsf/ ;DaGwL ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo dxf;lGw !(*( (UN Convention on Rights of the Child – CRC – 1989)

;z:q ;ª\3if{df afnaflnsfnfO{ s'g} klg xfntdf ;xefuL u/fpg gx'g] / To:tf ;ª\3if{sf] c;/af6 afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ;+/If0f k|bfg ug{ afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s sf lbg ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo dxf;efn] kfl/t u¥of]. pkn]vsf] wf/f !) -!_ df Joj:yf ul/Padf]lhd pQm pkn]v km]a|'c/L b]lv nfu" ePsf] 5. pQm pkn]vnfO{ g]kfnn] # df cg'df]bg u/]sf] 5. ;z:q ;ª\3if{df afnaflnsfsf] ;+nUgtf ljifos afn clwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGwsf] -klxnf]_ P]lR5s [Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict (OP-CRC-AC) 2000]

afnaflnsfsf] a]rlavg, j]Zofj[lQ tyf cZnLn b[Zodf afnaflnsfsf] k|of]uaf6 ;+/If0f k|bfg ug{ afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s sf lbg ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo dxf;efn] kfl/t u¥of]. pkn]vsf] wf/f !$ -!_ df Joj:yf ul/Padf]lhd pQm pkn]v !* hgj/L b]lv nfu" ePsf] 5. pQm pkn]vnfO{ df cg'df]bg u/]sf] 5. afnaflnsfsf] a]rlavg, afnj]Zofj[lQ tyf cZnLn b[Zodf afnaflnsfsf] k|of]u ljifos afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGwsf] -bf];|f]_ P]lR5s (Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography (OP-CRC-SC) 2000)

;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo dxf;efn] !* l8;]Da/ !(() df kfl/t o; dxf;lGwn] k|jf;L sfdbf/ tyf tLgsf kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿sf] clwsf/ ;+/If0fsf ;DaGwdf Joj:yf u/]sf] 5. g]kfnn] o; dxf;lGwnfO{ cg'df]bg u/]sf] 5}g. ;a} k|jf;L sfdbf/ tyf tLgsf kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿sf] clwsf/ ;+/If0f ;DaGwL dxf;lGw (International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families – ICRMW – 1990)

dfgjLo sfg'g (Humanitarian Law)

cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'gnfO{ ;z:q ;+3if{ ;DaGwL sfg'g cyf{t\ o'¢ ;DaGwL sfg'g klg elgG5 cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'g ;fj{hlgs cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gsf] Ps zfvf xf], h;df /x]sf lgodx¿ ;z:q ;+3if{sf] ;dodf zq'tfk"0f{ sf/afxLdf efu glnPsf JolQmx¿nfO{ ;+/If0f k|bfg ug{ tof/ ul/G5

cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'gnfO{ ;z:q ;+3if{;DaGwL sfg'g cyf{t\ o'4 ;DaGwL sfg'g klg elgG5. ;g\ !($( sf $ j6f h]g]ef dxf;lGw / ;g\ !(&& sf j6f cltl/Qm pkn]vx? g} cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'gsf k|d'v b:tfj]hx¿ x'g\. cfGtl/s ;z:q åGå jf o'¢sf cj:yfdf nfu"" x'g] cGt/f{li6«o sg'g – h]g]ef dxf;lGw !($( (Geneva Convention 1949 – an international law that to be active during internal armed conflict or war)

$ j6f h]g]ef dxf;lGwdWo] klxnf] dxf;lGwn] :yno'4sf lj/fdL, 3fOt] bf];|f] dxf;lGwn] ;fd'lb|s o'4sf 3fOt] jf lj/fdL / Wo:t kfgLhxfhdf km;]sf ;}lgs t];|f] dxf;lGwn] o'4aGbL rf}yf] dxf;lGwn] u}/;}lgs gful/sx?nfO{ ;+/If0f k|bfg ub{5.

To:t} ;g\ !(&& 6f cltl/Qm pkn]vx?dWo] klxnf]n] cGt/f{li6«o ;z:q ;+3if{sf kLl8tx?sf] ;+/If0fnfO{ ;'b[9 u/]sf] 5. bf];|f]n] u}/ cGt/f{li6o ;z:q ;+3if{ cyf{t\ cfGtl/s ;z:q ;+3if{sf kLl8tx?sf] ;+/If0fsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5. g]kfnn] ;g\ !($( sf $ j6} h]g]ef dxf;lGwnfO{ & km]a|'j/L !(^$ df cg'df]bg u/]sf] 5 t/ ;g\ !(&& j6f cltl/Qm pkn]vx?nfO{ cg'df]bg u/]sf] 5}g.

d"ntM ;g\ !($( sf] $ j6f h]g]ef dxf;lGwnfO{ dfgjLo sfg'g eg]/ a'lemG5. tL $ j6} h]g]ef dxf;lGwsf] wf/f g+= # df pxL s'/fx? pNn]v ul/Psf] 5, h;nfO{ ;femf wf/f # eGg] ul/G5. !_ xltof/ 5fl8;s]sf ;}GozlQmsf ;b:ox¿ tyf la/fdL, 3fOt], y'gf jf cGo sf/0fn] n8\g g;Sg] cj:yfdf k'u]sfx¿ nufot n8fO{+df ;lqmo ¿kdf efu glng] JolQmx¿nfO{ s'g} klg cj:yfdf j0f{, wd{, /Ë jf cf:yf, lnË, hGd jf ;DklQ jf To:t} cGo cwf/df e]befj gu/L dfgjLo Jojxf/ ul/g] 5. s_ hLjg tyf JolQmsf lj¿¢ lx+;f, vf;u/L ;a} k|sf/sf xTof, cËeË, qm"/ Jojxf/ / oftgf v_ aGws agfpg] u_ JolQmsf] ;Ddfgdfly uDeL/ rf]6 k'¥ofpg] vfnsf sfo{x¿ -h:t} ckdfg Pj+ lgDg:t/sf] Jojxf/_ 3_ ;Eo JolQmx¿n] cTofjZos egL dfGotf k|bfg u/]sf ;a} Goflos ;'lglZrttfn] o'Qm lgoldt cbfntn] cl3 g} km};nf ul/;s]sf] cj:yfdf afx]s ;hfo ;'gfpg / To;sf] sfof{Gjog ug{ 3fOt] / la/fdLx¿sf] ;+sng / x]/larf/ ul/g] 5. /]8qm;sf] cGt/fli6«o ;ldlt h:tf] lgikIf dfgjLo lgsfon] åGåsf kIfx¿nfO{ ;]jf k|bfg ug{ ;Sg]5. h]g]ef dxf;lGwsf] ;femf wf/f # Common Article 3 of Geneva Convention

cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg"g / dfgj clwsf/ sfg'g (International Human Rights and Humanitarian Law) cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg"g / dfgj clwsf/ sfg'g Ps cfk;df kl/k"/ssf ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\. leGg kl/l:ylt / leGg} tl/sfn] nfu" x'g] ePtfklg b'j} sfg'gn] JolQmnfO{ ;++/If0f k|bfg ug{ vf]Hb5g\. cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'g o'¢sf] ;dodf nfu" x'G5 eg] dfgj clwsf/ sfg'g sDtLdf b'j} kl/l:ylt zflGt / o'¢df nfu" x'G5.

Dffgj clwsf/k|lt /fHosf] bfloTj g]kfnsf] cGtl/d g]kfn ;lGw sf] bkmf ( Dffgj clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg ug]{ Dffgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f ug]{ Dffgj clwsf/sf] kl/k'lt{ ug]{

Who does what/ s;n] s] ul//x]sf] 5 < National Human Rights Commission. -/fli6o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u_ -/fli6o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u_ Government Authorities. -;/sf/L lgsfox?_ UNOHCHR/ UN Agencies, Amnesty International and other INGOs. Local HR NGOs and Civil Society Orgs. -:yfgLo dfgj clwsf/ ;DalGw ;+3 ;+:yfx? / gful/s ;dfh_

What can be done in future?  Strong application of Rule of Law  Make Comprehensive Law/Constitution & apply it honestly  Provide Justice to the conflict victim  Punishment for Conflict perpetrators  Strongly apply the recommendations recommended by Various Commissions (NHRC/OHCHR/Rayamajhi Commission etc)

What can be done in future…  Avoid Political Amnesty.  Terminate Impunity from State.  Re settle Conflict victim until they feel complete redress.  Make Comprehensive Constitution by the Constituent Assembly with wide participation.  Ensure abolition of all forms of discrimination from the State in practice.  Empower Marginalized community from the root areas of State.

Research Topics  Review of Discriminatory Laws  Women/ Children in Conflict (Impact)  Trafficking (Causes and Consequences)  Impunity (Rule of Law)  Discrimination (Legal, Social, Cultural)  Internal Displacement (Conflict, Natural Disaster, Economic)  Child Labour  Environmental Rights (Pollution, Water, Sanitation, etc.)

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