1. State Restructuring and Federalism in Nepal
Trilochan Pokharel,
Rajendra Adhikari,

2. Objectives Explain the needs for state restructuring
Analyze the context and principles of state restructuring
Acknowledge the principles of power sharing in Constitution of Nepal
Analyze the power sharing in different tiers of governments
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3. Coverage Basis of state restructuring
Context and need for state restructuring in Nepal
Principles and approaches of state restructuring
Constitutional provisions in state restructuring
Principles of power sharing at different levels of government
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4. What is pressing issue of implementing federalism in Nepal?
A. Appreciation of Constitutional Provisions B. Finance C. Administrative Arrangement D. Developing Federal Culture E. Power sharing F. All G. None
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5. Hard fact
What proportion of Nepali people have heard about new constitution? A. 90%+ B. 80%+ C. 70%+ D. 60% E....?
Preliminary report of Nepal National Governance Survey 2017/18
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6. Hard…
What proportion have adequate knowledge of major constitutional provisions?
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7. Constitution of Nepal
;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds zf;g Joj:yfsf] dfWodåf/f lbuf] zflGt, ;'zf;g, ljsf; / ;d[l4sf] cfsf+Iff k"/f ug{ ;+ljwfg ;efaf6 kfl/t u/L of] ;+ljwfg hf/L ub{5f}+
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8. g]kfn /fHo
g]kfn :jtGq, cljefHo, ;fj{ef}d;Qf;DkGg, wd{lg/k]If, ;dfj]zL, nf]stGqfTds, ;dfhjfb pGd'v, ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds /fHo xf]
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9. Some critical questions
What is a state? What is state restructuring? Does Nepal require state restructuring?
najushrestha.wordpress.com
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10. Some… Why Nepal requires state restructuring? Establishing rights
Recognizing voices
Sharing resources
Offering choices
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11. What…
State restructuring is something that is directly associated with political re-imagination of the state as per the spirit of the time and is a continuous process in democracy
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12. Sectors of Restructuring
Political
Administrative
Social/Cultural
Economic
What it means in Nepal?
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13. Why is state restructuring?
With due respect to Prof. Pitambar Sharma
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14. Why…
;fdGtL, lg/+s'z, s]Gb|Ls[t / PsfTds /fHoJoj:yfn] ;[hgf u/]sf ;a} k|sf/sf lje]b / pTkL8gsf] cGTo ub}{
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15. Why…
ax'hftLo, ax'eflifs, ax'wfld{s, ax';f+:s[lts tyf ef}uf]lns ljljwtfo'Qm ljz]iftfnfO{ cfTd;ft\ u/L ljljwtfaLrsf] Pstf, ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts P]Soa4tf, ;lxi0f'tf / ;b\efjnfO{ ;+/If0f Pj+ k|jw{g ub}{Ù juL{o, hftLo, If]qLo, eflifs, wfld{s, n}+lus lje]b / ;a} k|sf/sf hftLo 5'jf5"tsf] cGTo u/L
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16. Why…
cfly{s ;dfgtf, ;d[l4 / ;fdflhs Gofo ;'lglZrt ug{ ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL / ;xeflutfd"ns l;4fGtsf cfwf/df ;dtfd"ns ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ ;+sNk ub}{
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17. hgtfsf] k|lt:kwf{Tds ax'bnLo nf]stflGqs zf;g k|0ffnL, gful/s :jtGqtf, df}lns clwsf/, dfgj clwsf/, aflnu dtflwsf/, cfjlws lgjf{rg, k"0f{ k|]; :jtGqtf tyf :jtGq, lgikIf / ;Ifd Gofokflnsf / sfg"gL /fHosf] cjwf/0ff nufotsf nf]stflGqs d"No / dfGotfdf cfwfl/t ;dfhjfbk|lt k|lta4 /xL ;d[4 /fi6« lgdf{0f ug{
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18. Political Evolution Dates Movements Demands Results 1951
Against Rana regime
End of Rana familial rule
Negotiation between parties and the King
1979
Against autocratic Panchayat system
End of party-less Panchayat system and
restoration of multi-party democracy
Referendum held on the Panchayat system and declaration made in favour of the Panchayat (Panchayat rule continued by suppressing parties)
1990
Against autocratic Panchayat system
Negotiation between parties and the King; restoration of multi-party democracy; new constitution made, supremacy of power to the King (dubious provisions: Hindu kingdom, no question against king and family, no reservation)
Source: Khatiwada (2015)
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19. Political Evolution 1996-2005 (Maoist Movement)
Against feudalism and monarchy (and mainstream parties)
End of monarchy; feudalism and
establishment of People’s government
Negotiation with the parliamentary political parties; Decision to launch joint movement against autocratic monarchy
2006
Against autocratic monarchy
End of autocratic monarchy and
establishment of inclusive democracy
Negotiation between Maoists and SPA; establishment of inclusive democracy; suspension of monarchy; Declaration to hold constituent assembly by June 2007
2015
Federal Democratic Republic Constitution
Transforms Nepal into federal country with constitutional power sharing among federal, province and local government
New form of negotiation among three orders of government
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20. Principles of Restructuring
Principle of subsidiarity
Economy of scales
Equity and inclusiveness
Building ownership and trust
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21. Principles… Self rule Self rule Self rule Shared rule Shared rule
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22. Criteria or bases for state restructuring
A. Identity:
Ethnicity/community (जातीय/समुदायगत)
Language (भाषिक)
Culture (सांस्कृतिक)
Historical continuity (ऐतिहासिक निरन्तरता)
Geographic continuity (भौगोलिक/क्षेत्रगत निरन्तरता)
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23. Criteria or bases for state restructuring
B. Capability:
Economic inter-dependence/capability (आर्थिक अन्तरसम्बन्ध र सामर्थ्य)
Status of infrastructures and their viability (पूर्वाधार विकासको अवस्था र सम्भावना)
Availability of natural resource (प्राकृतिक साधन र स्रोतको उपलब्धता)
Administrative accessibility (प्रशासनिक सुगमता)
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24. /fi6«sf] kl/efiff
ax'hftLo, ax'eflifs, ax'wfld{s, ax';f+:s[lts ljz]iftfo'Qm, ef}uf]lns ljljwtfdf /x]sf ;dfg cfsf+Iff / g]kfnsf] /fli6«o :jtGqtf, ef}uf]lns cv08tf, /fli6«o lxt tyf ;d[l4k|lt cf:yfjfg /xL Pstfsf] ;"qdf cfa4 ;a} g]kfnL hgtf ;dli6df /fi6« xf] - wf/f #_
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25. Federalism vs. Devolution
Functional Decentralization
Tiers of government
two or more
Competencies of lower units
broad
narrow
Competencies of central government
limited
unlimited
Division of power
Entrenched in constitution
Subject to ordinary laws
No divisions of powers
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26. Power Sharing in Federalism
Horizontal power sharing : power sharing between the three organs of government (legislative, executive and judiciary)
Vertical power sharing : sharing state power between different territorial layers of government (federal, state, and local levels)
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27. Principles of power sharing in federalization
Principle of cooperation (Cooperative federalism)
Principle of competition (Competitive federalism)
Synthesis
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28. ;+ljwfgdf zlQmsf] afF8kmfF8
efu %, wf/f %^—^) cg';"lr %—(
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29. ;+ljwfgdf zlQmsf] afF8kmfF8
Wff/f %^= /fHosf] ;+/rgf -!_ ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGq g]kfnsf] d"n ;+/rgf ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo tx u/L tLg txsf] x'g]5 . g]kfnsf] /fHozlQmsf] k|of]u ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txn] o; ;+ljwfg tyf sfg"g adf]lhd ug{] 5g\ .
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30. ;+ljwfgdf zlQmsf] afF8kmfF8
Wff/f %^= /fHosf] ;+/rgf
-^_ ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txn] g]kfnsf] :jtGqtf, ;fj{ef}d;Qf, ef}uf]lns cv08tf, :jfwLgtf, /fli6«o lxt, ;jf{+uL0f ljsf;, ax'bnLo k|lt:kwf{Tds nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds ;+3Lo zf;g k|0ffnL, dfgj clwsf/ tyf df}lns xs, sfg"gL /fHo, zlQm k[ysLs/0f / lgoGq0f tyf ;Gt'ng, ax'ntf / ;dfgtfdf cfwfl/t ;dtfd"ns ;dfh, ;dfj]zL k|ltlglwTj / klxrfgsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ 5g\ .
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31. Psn clwsf/ ;femf clwsf/ cjlzi6 clwsf/ clwsf/sf] ;"rL © NASC, 2018

32. ;+ljwfgdf zlQmsf] afF8kmfF8
wf/f %&M /fHozlQmsf] afF8kmfF8 -cg';"lr %, ^, &, * / ( df tf]lsPsf]_
;j} txsf ;/sf/x?nfO{ cfkm\gf] If]qflwsf/ leq kg]{ cflwsf/sf] k|of]usf] nflu ;+ljwfgsf] k|lts"n gx'g] u/L sfg'g agfpg :jtGqtf .
t/, ;femf clwsf/sf] k|of]usf] nflu ;+3Lo sfg'g;+u gaflemg] u/L agfO{g' kg]{ . -wf/f %& -^__
ufpF ;ef jf gu/ ;efn] sfg"g agfpFbf k|b]z sfg"g;Fu gaflemg] u/L agfpg' kg{] -wf/f %& -&__
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33. ;+3Lotf ;DalGwt k|fjwfgx?
Wff/f %*= cjlzi6 clwsf/M o; ;+ljwfg adf]lhd ;+3, k|b]z tyf :yfgLo txsf] clwsf/sf] ;"rL jf ;femf ;"rLdf pNn]v gePsf] jf of] ;+ljwfgdf s'g} txn] k|of]u ug{] u/L gtf]lsPsf] ljifodf ;+3sf] clwsf/ x'g]5 .
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34. ;+3Lotf ;DalGwt k|fjwfgx?
wf/f %(= cfly{s clwsf/sf] k|of]u -!_ ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txn] cfˆgf] clwsf/leqsf] cfly{s clwsf/ ;DaGwL ljifodf sfg"g agfpg], jflif{s ah]6 agfpg], lg0f{o ug]{, gLlt tyf of]hgf tof/ ug]{ / To;sf] sfof{Gjog ug]{ 5g\ . ;+3n] ;femf ;"rLsf ljifodf / cfly{s clwsf/sf cGo If]qdf k|b]znfO{ ;d]t nfu" x'g] u/L cfjZos gLlt, dfkb08 / sfg"g agfpg ;Sg]5 .
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35. ;+3Lotf ;DalGwt k|fjwfgx?
Wff/f ^)= /fh:j ;|f]tsf] afF8kmfF8
-!_ ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txn] cfˆgf] cfly{s clwsf/If]q leqsf] ljifodf s/ nufpg / tL ;|f]tx¿af6 /fh:j p7fpg ;Sg]5g\ .
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36. clwsf/ tyf sfo{x?sf] auL{s/0f
;+ljwfgn] k|bfg u/]sf clwsf/ tyf sfo{x?nfO{ ljz]ift lgDg tLg ;d"xdf auL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5M
gLlt lgdf{0f, lgodg tyf cg'udg sfo{x? (Policy and regulatory works)
k|Zff;sLo tyf ;]jf k|jfxsf] nflu cfjZos sfo{x? (Back office functions)
;]jf k|jfx;+u ;DalGwt sfo{x? (Frontline service delivery)
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37. tx cg';f/ clwsf/ tyf sfo{x?sf] auL{s/0fsf
;+3sf sfo{{x?M ;+ljwfgdf Joj:yf ePsf Psn tyf ;femf clwsf/x?
/fli6«o gLlt tyf lgodgx?
dfkb08 tf]Sg]
cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg
cGt/fli6«o ;DaGw
cg';Gwfg tyf gljgd\td k|ljlwsf] ljsf;
s]Gb|Lo tYof+s
cGt/;/sf/L ;dGjo
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38. clwsf/ tyf sfo{x?sf] afF8kmfF8sf] l;4fGtx?
k|b]zsf sfo{{x?M ;+ljwfgdf Joj:yf ePsf Psn tyf ;femf clwsf/x?
k|fb]lzs gLlt tyf lgodgx?
k|fb]lzs dfkb08 tf]Sg]
cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg
cg';Gwfg tyf gljgd\td k|ljlwsf] ljsf;
k|fb]lzs tYof+s
cGt/lgsfo ;dGjo
;+3Lo tyf :yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{ k|Zff;sLo tyf ;]jf k|jfxsf] nflu cfjZos Joj:yfx?
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39. clwsf/ tyf sfo{x?sf] afF8kmfF8sf] l;4fGtx?
:yfgLo ;/sf/sf sfo{{x?M ;+ljwfgdf Joj:yf ePsf Psn tyf ;femf clwsf/x?
:yfgLo gLlt tyf lgodgx?
:yfgLo dfkb08 tf]Sg]
cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg
:yfgLo tYof+s
;]jf k|jfxsf] nflu cfjZos sfo{x?
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40. What constitution assures?
Empowering local governments in service delivery – transfer of sovereignty
Making provincial governments accountable in provisioning of services
Making federal government responsible for policy and regulatory functions and resource assurance to ensure public provisions, protection of fundamental rights
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41. Potential risks (opportunities)
Implementing constitution
Reaching people
Building ownership on state and national solidarity
Making federalism a good means
Strengthening local government
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42. Thank you
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