1 Individualism/Collectivism Individualistic People have concern for themselves and their immediate families; Focus on________, personal freedom, and competitiveness: INDEPENDENT SELF Collectivistic People value the overall good of the_________; emphasizes group membership, social responsibility, harmonious relationships, and cooperation: INTERDEPENDENT SELF self group Cultural Dimensions of Diversity

2 Power Distance The extent to which less powerful members of organizations accept that power is ________________distributed Small Less comfortable with power differences (egalitarian: think of each other as moral equals sharing basic human interests) Large Differences among people with different ranks are acceptable (hierarchical: uses a social system with clearly defined roles to make sure people behave responsibly) UNEQUALLY

3 Uncertainty Avoidance Indicates preferred amount of ____________ Strong People prefer more structure Weak People prefer unstructured situations structure

4 Masculinity/Femininity Extent to which people prefer traditional male or female values… Masculine “Tough” values dominant - success, money, status, competition Feminine “Tender” values dominant - personal relationships, care for others, quality of life, service

5 Trompenaars’ Universalism Versus Particularism Universal Judgment of what is good or true applies to ______ situation Particularist Circumstances and relationships influence judgments of what is good or true every

6 Trompenaars’ Achieved Status Versus Ascribed Status Achievement Emphasize attainment of position and influence through a ____________ of expertise Ascription Believe people are born into influence, and who you are, your potential, and your connections are all important demonstration

7 Trompenaars’ Sequential Time Versus Synchronous Time Sequential Do one thing at a time, make appointments and arrive on time, and generally _______________. Synchronic Do several activities simultaneously, the time for appointments is approximate, and interpersonal relationships are more important than schedules stick to schedules

8 Hall’s High-Context and Low-Context Culture High-ContextLow-Context ChinaAustria EgyptCanada FranceDenmark ItalyEngland JapanFinland LebanonGermany Saudi ArabiaNorway SpainSwitzerland SyriaUnited States High context: Read between the lines, not everything is said but implied and understood, let others save face Low context: Call it like it is, straightforward talk, if it was not said, it was not implied, assertively express self-interests and disagreements Context, dictionary definition: the set of circumstances or facts that surround a particular event, situation, etc.

9 Do cultural dimensions explain country differences? Yes, but… They represent AVERAGE behavior within a culture Countries classified similarly may still be very different Range of differences on any dimension exists within the population of a single country