Aldehydes and Ketones Chapter 14

Structure  Aldehydes and ketones contain a carbonyl group which consists of a carbon double-bonded to an oxygen.  In aldehydes, the carbonyl group is at the end.  In ketones, the carbonyl group is located within the chain.

Properties  Polar compounds  Boiling points higher than ethers and hydrocarbons but less than alcohols Alkanes < Ethers < Aldehydes and Ketones < Alcohols Alkanes < Ethers < Aldehydes and Ketones < Alcohols  Aldehydes and ketones with less than five carbons are soluble in water.

Properties Practice Problem 1 Which member in each pair would have a higher boiling point? A. B. B.

Properties Practice Problem 1 Answer Which member in each pair would have a higher boiling point? A. B. B.

Properties Practice Problem 2 Which member in each of the following pairs will be more water soluble? A.B.

Properties Practice Problem 2 Which member in each of the following pairs will be more water soluble? A.B.

IUPAC Nomenclature of Aldehydes  Determine the parent chain which is the longest continuous chain containing the carbonyl group.  Replace the final –e with –al.  Number the chain beginning with the carbonyl carbon.  Number and name all substituents as usual.

NAMING ALDEHYDES THE IUPAC WAY  See page 399 question 14.3: CH 3 O CH 3 O a) CH 3 CHCHCH 2 -C-H CH 3 CH 3 O b) CH 3 CH-C-H Cl Cl

Naming Aldehydes the IUPAC way O c) CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH-C-H CH 2 CH 3 CH 2 CH 3O d) CH 3 CHCH 2 -C-H OH OH

Common Names for Aldehydes  Formaldehyde AKA methanal  Acetaldehyde AKA ethanal  Others can be found in Table 14.1 on pg. 398

IUPAC Nomenclature for Ketones  Very similar to naming aldehydes  The –e ending is replaced with –one.  The location of the carbonyl carbon is indicated with a number.  The longest chain is numbered to give the carbonyl carbon the lowest possible number.

Naming Ketones the IUPAC way  See page 401 question 14.5 O O O O a) CH 3 CH-C-CH 3 b) CH 3 CH-C-CH 3 I CH 3 I CH 3 OO OO c) CH 3 CH-C-CH 2 CH 3 d) CH 3 CHCH 2 -C-CH 3 F CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH F CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3

Common Nomenclature for Ketones  Propanone is also known as acetone.  Name the alkyl groups that are bonded to the carbonyl carbon.  Use these as prefixes followed by the word ketone.  Arrange the alkyl groups alphabetically.

KETONES- COMMON NAMES O O O O a) CH 3 CH-C-CH 3 b) CH 3 CH-C-CH 3 CH 3 CH 3 O O O O c) CH 3 CH-C-CH 2 CH 3 d) CHCH 2 -C-CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH

Homework  Pg. 418: # 14.25, 26, 27, 31, 33, 35, & 36