Community Ecology: Structure, Species Interactions, Succession, and Sustainability G. Tyler Miller’s Living in the Environment 12 th Edition Chapter 8 G. Tyler Miller’s Living in the Environment 12 th Edition Chapter 8 Dr. Richard Clements Chattanooga State Technical Community College Dr. Richard Clements Chattanooga State Technical Community College

Key Concepts  Community structure  Roles of species  Species interactions  Changes in ecosystems  Stability of ecosystems

mft Tropical rain forest Coniferous forest Deciduous forest Thorn forest Tall-grass prairie Short-grass prairie Desert scrub Thorn scrub Community Structure: Appearance and Species Diversity  Stratification  Species diversity  Species richness  Niche structure  Edge effects Fig. 8.2, p. 174

Biodiversity  Latitude  Depth  Pollution  Theory of island biogeography Species diversity ˚N ˚S 60 Latitude 1, ˚N Latitude Ants Birds Fig. 8.3, p. 175

General Types of Species  Native  Non-native (exotic or alien)  Indicator  Keystone

Species Interactions: Competition  Intraspecific competition  Interspecific competition  Interference competition  Exploitation competition  Competitive exclusion principle  Resource partitioning

Resource Partitioning Number of individuals Resource use Species 1 Species 2 Regionof niche overlap Species 1 Species 2 Fig. 8.10, p. 183 Refer to Fig. 8.9, p. 183 & Fig. 8.11, p. 184

Species Interactions: Predation  Predator  Prey  Prey acquisition  Predator Avoidance Refer to Fig p. 186

Symbiotic Species Interactions: Parasitism  Parasite  Host  Endoparasites  Ectoparasites

Symbiotic Species Interactions: Mutualism  Reproductive mutualism: pollination  Nutritional mutualism  Nutritional/protection mutualism Fig. 8.13, p. 187

Symbiotic Species Interactions: Commensalism  Indirect: i.e., small plants growing in shade of larger plants  Direct: i.e., epiphytes, remoras Fig p. 187

Ecological Succession: Communities in Transition  Primary succession  Secondary succession  Pioneer species  Successional species

Primary Succession Time Small herbs and shrubs Heath mat Jack pine, black spruce, and aspen Balsam fir, paper birch, and white spruce climax community Exposed rocks Lichens and mosses Fig. 8.15, p. 188

Secondary Succession Time Annual weeds Perennial weeds and grasses Shrubs Young pine forest Mature oak-hickory forest Fig. 8.16, p. 189

Succession and Wildlife Early Successional Species Rabbit Quail Ringneck pheasant Dove Bobolink Pocket gopher Midsuccessional Species Elk Moose Deer Ruffled grouse Snowshoe hare Bluebird Late Successional Species Turkey Martin Hammond’s Flycatcher Gray squirrel Wilderness Species Grizzly bear Wolf Caribou Bighorn sheep California condor Great horned owl Ecological succession Fig. 8.17, p. 190

The Rate of Succession Refer to Table 8-1 p. 190  Facilitation  Inhibition  Tolerance

Ecological Stability and Sustainability Refer to Table 8-2 p. 191  Disturbance  Climax community  Inertia  Constancy  Resilience  Precautionary principle