1. 5-3 How Do Communities and Ecosystems Respond to Changing Environmental Conditions?
Concept 5-3 The structure and species composition of communities and ecosystems change in response to changing environmental conditions through a process called ecological succession. 1

2. Communities and Ecosystems Change over Time: Ecological Succession
Natural ecological restoration
Primary succession
Secondary succession 2

3. Some Ecosystems Start from Scratch: Primary Succession
No soil in a terrestrial system
No bottom sediment in an aquatic system
Takes hundreds to thousands of years
Need to build up soils/sediments to provide necessary nutrients 3

4. Primary Ecological Succession
Figure 5.19: Primary ecological succession: Over almost a thousand years, these plant communities developed, starting on bare rock exposed by a retreating glacier on Isle Royal, Michigan (USA) in northern Lake Superior. The details of this process vary from one site to another. Question: What are two ways in which lichens, mosses, and plants might get started growing on bare rock?
Fig. 5-19, p. 119 4

5. Balsam fir, paper birch, and white spruce forest community
Figure 5.19: Primary ecological succession: Over almost a thousand years, these plant communities developed, starting on bare rock exposed by a retreating glacier on Isle Royal, Michigan (USA) in northern Lake Superior. The details of this process vary from one site to another. Question: What are two ways in which lichens, mosses, and plants might get started growing on bare rock?
Balsam fir, paper birch, and white spruce forest community
Jack pine, black spruce, and aspen
Heath mat
Small herbs and shrubs
Lichens and mosses
Exposed rocks
Time
Fig. 5-19, p. 119

6. paper birch, and white spruce forest community Jack pine,
Balsam fir,
paper birch, and white spruce forest community
Jack pine,
black spruce,
and aspen
Heath mat
Small herbs
and shrubs
Lichens and
mosses
Exposed
rocks
Time
Stepped Art
Fig. 5-19, p. 119

7. Some Ecosystems Do Not Have to Start from Scratch: Secondary Succession (1)
Some soil remains in a terrestrial system
Some bottom sediment remains in an aquatic system
Ecosystem has been
Disturbed
Removed
Destroyed 7

8. Natural Ecological Restoration of Disturbed Land
Figure 5.20: Natural ecological restoration of disturbed land: This diagram shows the undisturbed secondary ecological succession of plant communities on an abandoned farm field in the U.S. state of North Carolina. It took 150–200 years after the farmland was abandoned for the area to become covered with a mature oak and hickory forest. A new disturbance such as deforestation or fire would create conditions favoring pioneer species such as annual weeds. In the absence of new disturbances, secondary succession would recur over time, but not necessarily in the same sequence shown here. See an animation based on this figure at CengageNOW. Questions: Do you think the annual weeds (left) would continue to thrive in the mature forest (right)? Why or why not?
Fig. 5-20, p. 120 8

9. Mature oak and hickory forest
Figure 5.20: Natural ecological restoration of disturbed land: This diagram shows the undisturbed secondary ecological succession of plant communities on an abandoned farm field in the U.S. state of North Carolina. It took 150–200 years after the farmland was abandoned for the area to become covered with a mature oak and hickory forest. A new disturbance such as deforestation or fire would create conditions favoring pioneer species such as annual weeds. In the absence of new disturbances, secondary succession would recur over time, but not necessarily in the same sequence shown here. See an animation based on this figure at CengageNOW. Questions: Do you think the annual weeds (left) would continue to thrive in the mature forest (right)? Why or why not?
Mature oak and hickory forest
Young pine forest with developing understory of oak and hickory trees
Shrubs and small pine seedlings
Perennial weeds and grasses
Annual weeds
Time
Fig. 5-20, p. 120

10. Mature oak and hickory forest
Young pine forest
with developing
understory of oak
and hickory trees
Shrubs and
small pine
seedlings
Perennial
weeds and
grasses
Annual
weeds
Time
Stepped Art
Fig. 5-20, p. 120

11. Secondary Ecological Succession in Yellowstone Following the 1998 Fire
Figure 5.21: These young lodgepole pines growing around standing dead trees after a 1998 forest fire in Yellowstone National Park are an example of secondary ecological succession.
Fig. 5-21, p. 120

12. Some Ecosystems Do Not Have to Start from Scratch: Secondary Succession (2)
Primary and secondary succession
Tend to increase biodiversity
Increase species richness and interactions among species
Primary and secondary succession can be interrupted by
Fires
Hurricanes
Clear-cutting of forests
Plowing of grasslands
Invasion by nonnative species 12

13. Science Focus: How Do Species Replace One Another in Ecological Succession?
Facilitation
Inhibition
Tolerance 13

14. Succession Doesn’t Follow a Predictable Path
Traditional view
Balance of nature and a climax community
Current view
Ever-changing mosaic of patches of vegetation
Mature late-successional ecosystems
State of continual disturbance and change 14

15. Living Systems Are Sustained through Constant Change
Inertia, persistence
Ability of a living system to survive moderate disturbances
Resilience
Ability of a living system to be restored through secondary succession after a moderate disturbance
Some systems have one property, but not the other: tropical rainforests 15

16. Three Big Ideas
Certain interactions among species affect their use of resources and their population sizes.
There are always limits to population growth in nature.
Changes in environmental conditions cause communities and ecosystems to gradually alter their species composition and population sizes (ecological succession).