Warm – Up 10/9 Why is carbon uniquely suited for use in macromolecules? (use the characteristics to explain) What are the four main organic molecules? What do we call the individual subunits of organic molecules? Many subunits bonded together? Explain dehydration and hydrolysis reactions! What is the main use for carbohydrates? What do we call a simple sugar molecule? How about a complex sugar molecule?

Warm Up – 10/10 What is the main use for carbohydrates? What do we call a simple sugar molecule? How about a complex sugar molecule?

Hydrocarbons Molecules made of only carbon and hydrogen Methane, Gasoline Molecules made of only carbon and hydrogen Methane, Gasoline Inorganic Molecules Molecules that do not contain carbon Water, Oxygen O 2 Molecules that do not contain carbon Water, Oxygen O 2 Molecules made up of a carbon skeleton Examples: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids Frequently contain carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen (CHON) Molecules made up of a carbon skeleton Examples: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids Frequently contain carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen (CHON) Organic Molecules

Carbon is an essential element in organic molecules It can bond with up to four other atoms. Carbon skeletons can form into many different shapes It can bond with up to four other atoms. Carbon skeletons can form into many different shapes

–straight chain –branched chain –ring –straight chain –branched chain –ring. Carbon-based (Organic) molecules have three general types of structures.

Four main types of organic molecules are found in living things Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

Monomers bonded together build polymers (Large molecules) –Monomer – Small chemical unit that makes up a polymer. (Individual building block) –Polymers – Molecule made of many monomers.

Building and Breaking Down Polymers Dehydration reaction – Reaction that removes water from two molecules to bond them together (Creates a polymer) Hydrolysis reaction – Reaction where water is added to a molecule to break a bond. Dehydration ReactionHydrolysis Reaction

Dehydration Reaction - Building a Polymer

Hydrolysis Reaction - Breaking Down a Polymer

Carbohydrates Carbohydrates – organic molecules made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen: (Ratio= 1C:2H:1O) Monomers = Simple sugar molecules called: Monosaccharides Polymers = Complex sugar molecules made of many monosaccharides called: Polysaccharides

**Carbohydrates are the main source of energy for cells!** Other carbohydrates are used in cell structures. Polymer (starch) Starch is a polymer of glucose monomers that often has a branched structure. Polymer (cellulose) Cellulose is a polymer of glucose monomers that has a straight, rigid structure monomer Functions of Carbohydrates

Type of Carbohydrate Monosaccharides - simple sugarsex: glucose Disaccharides - made up of two monosaccharides ex: sucrose Polysaccharides - made of many monosaccharides ex: starches, glycogen, and cellulose

Three Types of Carbohydrates Disaccharide Polysaccharides Monosaccharide

Are made up of the elements are C,H,O Monomers: Fatty Acid & Glycerol Main categories = Fats, Oils, Waxes and Steroids 4/5 Lipids

Fatty Acid

Glycerol

Glycerol + Three Fatty Acids = Triglyceride Three carbon chain with three hydroxyl groups Lipid Polymers

Fats and oils have different types of fatty acids. –Saturated fatty acids –(Chain of all carbon to carbon single bonds) –Unsaturated fatty acids –(Chain of carbon to carbon with at least one double bond) 4/5 Lipids

Hydrophobic = water avoiding (fearful of water) 4/5 Lipids are Hydrophobic!

Functions of Lipids: 1.Used to form the boundary that surrounds your cells (cell membrane) 2.Long Term Energy Storage!! 3.Circulate in your body as chemical signals.

Are the main part of all cell membranes. –Phospholipid Structure –Polar phosphate “head” –Nonpolar fatty acids “tails” Phospholipid 4/5 Phospholipids Which part of a phospholipid avoids water and which part of a phospholipid attracts water?

Phospholipid Bilayer

Made of elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen Monomers = Amino Acids Polymer = Protein 4/5 Proteins

Amino Acids = Monomers Twenty different amino acids are used to build proteins! All amino acids have a carboxyl group and amino group. Amino acids are different by the structure of the side groups or “R” group Carboxyl Group Side Group Amino Group

Amino Acids = Building blocks of Proteins hydrogen bond Hemoglobin (type of protein on your red blood cells) Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds. A chain of amino acids is a protein. Each protein has a unique SHAPE!!!

Quiz yourself on the parts of the amino acid Flip over your notes. Draw this diagram and label the parts on a separate sheet of paper. Amino Acid Structure Quiz

Functions of Proteins 1.Control the rate of chemical reactions (catalysts) 2.Cell-to-cell communication 3.Move materials in and out of cells (cellular transport) 4.Build structures such as muscle

Structure is key to the function of enzymes. If…… The amino acid order changes or The temperature or pH changes to much Then….. The protein will not function!! –Denaturation: when an unfavorable change in temperature or pH causes a protein to unravel and lose its shape (this cannot be reversed) Example: Scrambled eggs are denatured protein Proteins – Denaturation

Made of elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Phosphorous Monomers = Nucleotide Polymers = Nucleic Acids (DNA & RNA) 4/5 Nucleic Acids (DNA & RNA)

Nucleotide Structure: 1.Five carbon sugar 2.Phosphate group 3.Nitrogen base There are four different nucleotides. Only the structure of the nitrogen base changes. 4/5 Nucleotides = Monomers

1.DNA - stores genetic information. 2.RNA - Carries message from DNA to create proteins! 3.Cellular energy molecule - ATP DNA RNA 4/5 Nucleic Acids – Function

Chemical Reaction Review: Reactant + Reactant Products Activation Energy: is the energy required to“start-up” a reaction (Example: heat) Cells can’t be heated so enzymes are needed to “start- up” chemical reactions in your body 4/5 Enzymes

Catalysts – compounds that speed up reactions by lowering activation energy. (speed up chemical rxns in your body) Enzymes are protein catalysts!!!!!!!!! Each enzymes is specific and speeds up only one type of reaction. (Like a lock and key!!!) Example: Amylase – only breaks down starches.

Enzymes Enzyme Quick Review The energy needed to start up a reaction is called? Activation Energy Compound that speeds up reactions by lowering activation energy: Catalyst Enzymes are not specific and will work for any reaction. (True or False) FALSE!!!!!

Enzymes – Substrate Enzyme Complex Substrate – The molecule upon which an enzyme acts Active site – Particular area of the enzyme where the substrate fits.

Effect of Enzymes on Activation Energy

Effect of Temperature on Enzymes

Effect of pH on Enzymes

Enzyme Review Videos All About Enzymes Enzyme Song