Chapter 11 Review GENETICS

When 2 alleles DON’T BLEND but BOTH SHOW TOGETHER Heterozygous person who does not show a recessive disorder but can pass a recessive allele on to their offspring carrier When 2 alleles DON’T BLEND but BOTH SHOW TOGETHER like in A B blood type, it is called _______________ Codominance incomplete dominance codominance

The diagram at the right is called a _____________ Another name for heterozygous hybrid The diagram at the right is called a _____________ Punnett square

DOMINANT Multiple allele trait __________________ = An allele that MASKS the presence of another allele Trait determined by more than two alleles Multiple allele trait

_______________ are different gene choices for a trait. ALLELES

A dominant gene is represented by a ____________ letter A dominant gene is represented by a ____________ letter. (usually the first letter of the trait) capital When a heterozygous individual shows a blending of 2 alleles instead of one being dominant over the other it is called ___________ ____________. Incomplete dominance

Trait determined by a gene located on an X chromosome When both alleles in the pair are DIFFERENT the organism is _________________ or _____________ HETEROZYGOUS HYBRID Trait determined by a gene located on an X chromosome X-linked trait

A cross that involves individuals that are heterozygous for 1 trait When both alleles in the pair are the SAME the organism is _________________ or _____________ HOMOZYGOUS PURE (PURE-BREEDING) A cross that involves individuals that are heterozygous for 1 trait is called a ____________ cross. monohybrid

Crossing individuals from the P1 generation produces the Crossing individuals from the F1 generation produces the ____ generation. F2

and provides blood types X or Y chromosomes that determine sex of an individual Sex chromosomes Molecule found on the surface of cells which helps cells recognize “self” and provides blood types glycoproteins

The genetic makeup of an individual; “the genes it has” Chromosome that is not a sex chromosome autosome The genetic makeup of an individual; “the genes it has” genotype

RECESSIVE POLYGENIC trait __________________ = An allele that is MASKED BY the presence of another allele Trait determined by two or more genes POLYGENIC trait

Process in sexual reproduction in which male and female reproductive cells join to form a new cell; joining of an egg and sperm specific characteristic that varies from one individual to another; Fertilization trait

PURE or PURE (TRUE) BREEDING Term used to describe organisms that produce offspring identical to themselves if allowed to self-pollinate PURE or PURE (TRUE) BREEDING

HETEROZYGOUS or HYBRID Offspring of crosses between parents with different traits; Refers to organisms with one dominant and one recessive allele (Tt) HETEROZYGOUS or HYBRID

The separation of alleles when homologous chromosomes separate to form gametes Specialized cells involved in sexual reproduction; also called sperm and egg cells SEGREGATION GAMETES

INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT The random mixing of maternal and paternal chromosomes when homologous chromosomes separate during Anaphase I to form gametes (sperm or egg cells) during meiosis INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT

RECESSIVE POLYGENIC trait __________________ = An allele that is MASKED BY the presence of another allele Trait determined by two or more genes POLYGENIC trait

A cross between heterozygous individuals with 2 traits is called a ____________ cross. dihybrid

When 2 alleles DON’T BLEND but BOTH SHOW TOGETHER Who is the “Father of Genetics”? Gregor Mendel When 2 alleles DON’T BLEND but BOTH SHOW TOGETHER like in A B blood type, it is called _______________ Codominance incomplete dominance codominance

Transmission of characteristics from parents to offspring is called ___________________. _____________ is the study of how characteristics are passed on from one generation to the next. heredity Genetics

__________________ = An allele that IS MASKED BY the RECESSIVE __________________ = An allele that IS MASKED BY the presence of another allele The appearance of an organism is its _____________ phenotype

The diagram at the right is called a _____________ Another name for heterozygous hybrid The diagram at the right is called a _____________ Punnett square

DOMINANT Incomplete dominance __________________ = An allele that MASKS the presence of another allele Red and white flowers producing pink offspring is an example of _______________________ Codominance incomplete dominance Incomplete dominance

A recessive gene is represented by a _________________ letter. lower case What phenotypic ratio would you expect to see in offspring from a monohybrid cross of 2 heterozygous parents? 3:1 Dominant:recessive

A dominant gene is represented by a ____________ letter A dominant gene is represented by a ____________ letter. (usually the first letter of the trait) capital When a heterozygous individual shows a blending of 2 alleles instead of one being dominant over the other it is called ___________ ____________. Incomplete dominance

What phenotype ratio is a clue that there has been a dihybrid cross When both alleles in the pair are the SAME the organism is _______________ or __________ HOMOZYGOUS PURE What phenotype ratio is a clue that there has been a dihybrid cross between 2 heterozygous parents? 9:3:3:1

pink R = red flowers r = white flowers Red An Rr organism would have ____________ flowers if this trait was COMPLETELY DOMINANT. pink An Rr organism would have ____________ flowers if this trait was INCOMPLETELY DOMINANT. BOTH red & white An Rr organism would have ______________ flowers if this trait was CODOMINANT.

The offspring of the P1 generation are called the ____ generation What are Mendel’s 2 laws of heredity? Law of Segregation Law of Independent Assortment The offspring of the P1 generation are called the ____ generation F1

TRUE or FALSE A person with Type O blood could Give an example of a trait that shows incomplete dominance flower color in Four o’clocks TRUE or FALSE A person with Type O blood could be a blood donor for a person with Type AB blood. True; Type O is the universal donor

A cross that involves only 1 trait is called a ____________ cross. When both alleles in the pair are DIFFERENT the organism is _________________ or _____________ HETEROZYGOUS HYBRID A cross that involves only 1 trait is called a ____________ cross. monohyrid

T = Tall t = short The genotype of the offspring from the cross at the right is _________. Their phenotype is _________. Tt tall

Another name for homozygous is ________. Which of the following genotypes is homozygous? TT Ww Bb rr mm BB Tt TT rr mm BB Another name for homozygous is ________. pure

Which of these Punnett squares would you use to predict the offspring of a DIHYBRID cross? This one!

Which of the following genotypes is from a heterozygous organism? In the cross at the right __________ is dominant for flower color. red Which of the following genotypes is from a heterozygous organism? Tt SS bb Mm Rr kk Tt Mm Rr

chromosomes during ___________ DNA A gene is a segment of _______ that codes for a trait. The Law of Segregation and the Law of Independent Assortment are the result of the movement of chromosomes during ___________ mitosis meiosis meiosis

Crossing a red haired horse with a white haired horse produces a roan colored horse. (Both alleles for hair color show together). This kind of inheritance is called ___________________ Co-dominance

What type of genotype is used to make a test cross? Homozygous recessive Name the X-linked recessive genetic disorder which causes excessive bleeding. hemophilia

In guinea pigs, black fur (B) is dominant over brown fur (b). If a black Guinea pig is crossed with a brownGuinea pig and the litter contains a brown baby, the genotype of the black parent is probably BB Bb bb Bb; Must have one B to be black must have one b to pass on to baby

Crossing individuals from the P1 generation produces the A gene is a segment of ______. DNA PROTEIN RNA CARBOHYDRATE DNA

green L = Blue legs l = yellow legs Blue An Rr organism would have ____________ legs if this trait was COMPLETELY DOMINANT. green An Rr organism would have ____________ legs if this trait was INCOMPLETELY DOMINANT. BOTH Blue & yellow An Rr organism would have ______________ legs if this trait was CODOMINANT.

Crossing individuals from the F1 generation produces the A person with this type of blood could DONATE to Type __________blood A or AB

1 PP:2 Pp:1 pp all Pp 1 PP:2 Pp:1 pp In a monohybrid cross of two HETEROZYGOUS parents (Pp), you would expect the offspring to be: 1 pp:3 PP 3 Pp:1 pp 1 PP:2 Pp:1 pp all Pp 1 PP:2 Pp:1 pp

blood cell from a person with Type AB blood. Draw a picture of a blood cell from a person with Type AB blood. This person could give blood to an individual with type ________ blood. This blood type is called the universal _________________. AB RECIPIENT

blood cell from a person with Type O blood. Draw a picture of a blood cell from a person with Type O blood. No change. There are NO A, B, or O proteins on the surface of a type O cell. This blood type is called the universal _________________. DONOR

blood cell from a person with Type A blood. Draw a picture of a blood cell from a person with Type A blood. This person could give blood to an individual with type __________ blood A or AB

blood cell from a person with Type A blood. Draw a picture of a blood cell from a person with Type A blood. This person could give blood to an individual with type __________ blood B or AB

Tell the molecule found on the surface Name another blood type you learned about besides the A,B,O system. Rh (positive and negative) Tell the molecule found on the surface of cells which helps cells recognize “self” and provides blood types glycoproteins

G g G g GG Gg gg The parents in this cross are _____________ 75 Homozygous Heterozygous Heterozygous G g GG Gg gg If G is dominant for green pods and g is recessive for yellow pods, what percentage of the offspring will have green pods? _______% 75

B b The genotype of the offspring in the blue box is _______ bb The offspring in the blue box is homozygous heterozygous homozygous

Another name for pure is _________________ homozygous In guinea pigs black fur (B) is dominant over brown fur (b). The Punnett square for a cross between a HETEROZYGOUS black guinea pig and a PURE brown guinea pig would look like B b B b B b B b This is the Correct setup Heterozygous = Bb Pure brown = bb Another name for pure is _________________ homozygous

A o AA Ao B AB Bo The alleles for blood type show 2 kinds of inheritance.. The following statements are TRUE or FALSE? F A & B are codominant A is dominant over B. O is dominant over A. A is dominant over O. B and A are co-dominant A is incompletely dominant over O. O is recessive to A and to B F O is recessive to both A & B T T F T

An organism has the genotype Xy. What are the possible sperm it can produce? ______ ______ X y THINK ABOUT IT: If females have an XX genotype and can only give X genes, which parent is the one that determines whether the baby is a boy or girl? Father ; The mother always gives an X If the father gives a y, it’s a boy. If the father gives an X; it’s a girl.

If you cross a homozygous RED flowered four o’clock plant with a homozygous WHITE flowered plant, ALL of the offspring produced have PINK flowers. This type of inheritance in which the heterozygote (Rr) shows a blending of traits is called __________. A. Dominant/recessive inheritance B. Co-dominance C. Incomplete dominance Incomplete dominance

Red throats (R) are dominant over white (r) throats in Goonie birds. R r r Red throats (R) are dominant over white (r) throats in Goonie birds. Make a cross between a PURE RECESSIVE and a HETEROZYGOUS Goonie bird. Rr rr Rr rr 50% red throats 50% white throats What are the possible phenotypes of their offspring? (% and color)

Black eyes (B) are dominant over red eyes (b) in rats. B b B b Black eyes (B) are dominant over red eyes (b) in rats. Make a cross between two HETEROZYGOUS rats. BB Bb Bb bb What are the possible phenotypes of their offspring? (% and color) 75 % black eyes 25% red eyes

The parents in this cross are _____________ Homozygous Heterozygous Homozygous If W is dominant for long wings and w is recessive for short wings, what percentage of these offspring will have short wings? _______% 0% only ww makes it short

Who is the “Father of Genetics”? Gregor Mendel Which of the following genotypes could be from a HETEROZYGOUS organism? TT Rr Ww bb XX Ss Rr Ww Ss

hybrid What kind of cross is this? Pure dominant X pure recessive Heterozygous X heterozygous Heterozygous X homozygous Hybrid recessive X hybrid pure Heterozygous X Homozygous hybrid Another name for heterozygous is _______________

In Reebops curly tails (T) are dominant over straight tails (t). Make a cross between a HOMOZYGOUS DOMINANT and a HOMOZYGOUS RECESSIVE Reebop. T T t Tt Tt Tt Tt What is the probability the offspring will have straight tails? 0% All will be Curly tailed (Tt)

What do we call the offspring of the F1 generation? Which of the following genotypes could be from a HOMOZYGOUS RECESSIVE organism? TT bb Rr Ww tt XX aa bb tt aa

A a The genotype of the offspring in the blue box is _______ homozygous heterozygous heterozygous How many of the offspring from this cross will show the dominant characteristic? ¾ (75%) – AA and Aa

G g GG Gg gg Green pods G is dominant for green pods. g is recessive for yellow pods. What is the genotype of the offspring in the shaded box? Gg What is the phenotype of the offspring in the shaded box? Green pods

Which of the following is NOT TRUE? Genotype determines phenotype Alleles are different forms of the same gene. Genotype is the way the genes make you look. Organisms with different genotypes can have the same phenotype. T T F T Tt and TT both look tall

What are the 3 different kinds of inheritance you learned about? Dominant/recessive Incomplete dominance Co-dominance Offspring of the P1 generation are called ______ F1

What are the possible offspring of a cross between a blood type AB mom and a type O dad? Ao Bo Ao Bo What are the probable blood types of the offspring? 50% Type A 50% Type B

Purple (P)is the dominant color for monsters. Yellow is recessive (p). Make a cross between a HOMOZYGOUS purple and a yellow monster. P P p Pp Pp What will the offspring be like? (% and color) 100% purple

What genotype would a PURPLE dad have to be to make a yellow monster baby with a Purple (Pp) mom monster? P p ? pp Pp Dad needs to have: a little p to give one to the baby a big P to be purple himself

o Ao Ao Wilma and Fred are going to have a baby. Fred in AA and Wilma is oo. What are the possible blood types of their baby? A A o Ao Ao 100% will have A type blood

o Ao Ao Wilma and Fred are going to have a baby. Fred in AA and Wilma is oo. What are the possible blood types of their baby? A A o Ao Ao 100% will have A type blood

Dominant Dominant Recessive Recessive FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE WORDS Dominant OR Recessive In a DIHYBRID HETEROZYGOUS cross the offspring that are 9/16 are _______________ for both traits. 3/16 are _____________ for one trait and _____________ for the other. 1/16 are _____________ for both traits. Dominant Dominant Recessive Recessive

How would you write a genotype of a male with an X-linked recessive genetic disorder like hemophilia XhY ________________ can be carriers of X-linked recessive traits only females only males Both males and females ONLY FEMALES

How would you write a genotype of a female who is a carrier for an X-linked recessive genetic disorder like hemophilia Xh XH Both males & females ________________ can be carriers of AUTOSOMAL recessive traits only females only males Both males and females

What are the 3 different kinds of inheritance you learned about? Dominant/recessive Incomplete dominance Co-dominance Offspring of the P1 generation are called ______ F1

What are the 3 different kinds of inheritance you learned about? Dominant/recessive Incomplete dominance Co-dominance Offspring of the P1 generation are called ______ F1

A heterozygous person that does not show a recessive trait but carries the recessive allele and can pass it to their offspring is called a _____________ carrier

X-linked recessive disorder which causes a person to be unable to distinguish red and green colors Name the X-linked recessive genetic disorder which causes excessive bleeding. colorblindness HEMOPHILIA

Name the two X-linked recessive disorders you learned about A B O blood groups are an example of a _______________ trait X-linked multiple allele polygenic Colorblindness & hemophilia Multiple allele

Hair color, skin color, height, Intelligence . . . There are more! Name the two X-linked recessive disorders you learned about Give an example of a polygenic trait in humans Colorblindness & hemophilia Hair color, skin color, height, Intelligence . . . There are more!

X-linked recessive traits show up more frequently in ________ males females Which combination of sex chromosomes do males have? males They don’t have a “back up” X XY

XX Which parent determines the sex of a child? Which combination of sex chromosomes do females have? DAD – give X to daughters and Y to sons XX

Name the branch of genetics that studies the molecules added to DNA that control which genes are turned on or off. Name the chemical “tags” added to DNA to silence genes epigenetics Methyl groups

Name some environmental factors that can add or remove epigentic “tags” on DNA Adding methyl groups to DNA turns genes ______ on off Diet, exercise, stress, chemicals in environment OFF