1. Chapter 11 Review GENETICS

2. Gregor Mendel A. R and r Who is the “Father of Genetics”?
In a plant that has red flowers, red flower color, R, is completely dominant to
white flower color, r. If the plant is heterozygous for flower color, which
alleles will be carried by the gametes it produces?
A. R and r
R and r c. r only
b. R only d. Rr only

3. Transmission of characteristics from parents to offspring is called ___________________.
_____________ is the study of how characteristics are passed on from one generation to the next.
heredity
Genetics

4. __________________ = An allele that IS MASKED BY the
RECESSIVE
__________________ = An allele that IS MASKED BY the
presence of another allele
The appearance of an organism is
its _____________
phenotype

5. The diagram at the right is called a _____________
Another name for heterozygous
hybrid
The diagram at the right
is called a _____________
Punnett square

6. DOMINANT
__________________ = An allele that MASKS the presence of another allele

7. A recessive gene is represented by a _________________ letter.
lower case
What phenotypic ratio would you expect to see in offspring from a
monohybrid cross of 2 heterozygous parents?
3:1 Dominant:recessive

8. EOC PRACTICE QUESTION
1 in 4
2 in 4
3 in 4
4 in 4

9. EOC PRACTICE QUESTION
75%
50%
25% 0%

10. _______________
are different gene
choices for a trait.
ALLELES

11. A dominant gene is represented by a ____________ letter
A dominant gene is represented by a ____________ letter. (usually the first letter of the trait)
capital
When a heterozygous individual shows
a blending of 2 alleles instead of one
being dominant over the other it is called
___________ ____________.
Incomplete dominance

12. When both alleles in the pair are the SAME the organism is _______________ or __________
HOMOZYGOUS PURE
EX. RR, tt, SS, ss
When both alleles in the pair are NOT the same the organism is HYBRID

13. pink R = red flowers r = white flowers Red
An Rr organism would have ____________ flowers if this trait was COMPLETELY DOMINANT.
pink
An Rr organism would have ____________ flowers if
this trait was INCOMPLETELY DOMINANT.
BOTH
red & white
An Rr organism would have ______________ flowers if this trait was CODOMINANT.

14. EOC PRACTICE QUESTION 2 red, 1 pink, 1 white 1 red, 1 pink, 1 white
2 red, 2 white

15. The offspring of the P1 generation are called the ____ generation
What are Mendel’s 2 laws of heredity?
Law of Segregation Law of Independent Assortment
The offspring of the P1 generation
are called the ____ generation F1

16. TRUE or FALSE A person with Type O blood could
Give an example of a trait that
shows incomplete dominance
flower color in Four o’clocks
TRUE or FALSE A person with Type O blood could
be a blood donor for a person with
Type AB blood.
True; Type O is the universal donor

17. A cross that involves only 1 trait is called a ____________ cross.
When both alleles in the pair are DIFFERENT the organism is
_________________ or _____________
HETEROZYGOUS HYBRID
A cross that involves only 1 trait
is called a ____________ cross.
monohyrid

18. T = Tall
t = short
The genotype of the offspring from the
cross at the right is _________.
Their phenotype is _________. Tt
tall

19. EOC PRACTICE QUESTION
Three-quarters of the plants are tall and purple.
Three-quarters of the plants are short and white.
All are short and white.
All are tall and purple.

20. Another name for homozygous is ________.
Which of the following genotypes
is homozygous?
TT Ww Bb rr mm BB Tt
TT rr mm BB
Another name for homozygous is
________.
pure

21. Which of these Punnett squares would you
use to predict the offspring of a DIHYBRID cross?
This one!

22. Which of the following genotypes is from a heterozygous organism?
In the cross at the
right __________
is dominant for flower color.
red
Which of the following genotypes
is from a heterozygous organism?
Tt SS bb Mm Rr kk
Tt Mm Rr

23. chromosomes during ___________
DNA
A gene is a segment of _______
that codes for a trait.
The Law of Segregation and the Law of Independent Assortment are the result of the movement of
chromosomes during ___________
mitosis meiosis
meiosis

24. DNA molecule 3
DNA is a very large molecule made up of a long
chain of sub-units
The sub-units are called nucleotides
Each nucleotide is made up of
a sugar called deoxyribose
a phosphate group -PO4 and
an organic base

25. The bases 5
The most common organic bases are
Adenine
(A)
Thymine
(T)
Cytosine
(C)
Guanine
(G)

26. The bases always pair up in the same way
Bonding 1 10
The bases always pair up in the same way
mRNA has the base URACIL instead of THYMINE...
Adenine forms a bond with Thymine
Adenine
Thymine
and Cytosine bonds with Guanine
Cytosine
Guanine

27. The Punnett square below shows a ___________ cross. dihybrid
homozygous monohybrid dihybrid test
dihybrid

28. Crossing a red haired horse with a white haired horse produces a roan colored horse.
(Both alleles for hair color show together). This kind of inheritance is called ___________________
Co-dominance

29. What type of genotype is used to make a test cross?
Homozygous recessive
What type of gametes can this organism produce?
BbTt
______ ______ _______ _______
BT bt bT Bt

30. In guinea pigs, black fur (B) is dominant over brown fur (b).
If a black Guinea pig is crossed with
a brownGuinea pig and the litter
contains a brown baby, the genotype
of the black parent is probably
BB Bb bb
Bb; Must have one B to be black must have one b to pass on to baby

31. Which of these Punnett squares would you
use to predict the offspring of a MONOHYBRID cross?
This one!

32. Crossing individuals from the P1 generation produces the
A gene is a segment of ______.
DNA PROTEIN RNA CARBOHYDRATE
DNA

33. green L = Blue legs l = yellow legs Blue
An Rr organism would have ____________ legs if this trait was COMPLETELY DOMINANT.
green
An Rr organism would have ____________ legs if
this trait was INCOMPLETELY DOMINANT.
BOTH
Blue & yellow
An Rr organism would have ______________ legs if this trait was CODOMINANT.

34. Crossing individuals from the F1 generation produces the
A person with this type of blood could DONATE to Type __________blood
A or AB

35. 1 PP:2 Pp:1 pp all Pp 1 PP:2 Pp:1 pp In a monohybrid cross of two
HETEROZYGOUS parents (Pp), you would expect the offspring to be:
1 pp:3 PP 3 Pp:1 pp
1 PP:2 Pp:1 pp all Pp
1 PP:2 Pp:1 pp

36. blood cell from a person with Type AB blood.
Draw a picture of a
blood cell from a person with Type AB blood.
This person could give blood to an
individual with type ________ blood.
This blood type is called the universal
_________________. AB
RECIPIENT

37. blood cell from a person with Type O blood.
Draw a picture of a
blood cell from a person with Type O blood.
No change. There are NO A, B, or O proteins on the surface of a type O cell.
This blood type is called the universal
_________________.
DONOR

38. blood cell from a person with Type A blood.
Draw a picture of a
blood cell from a person with Type A blood.
This person could give blood to an individual with type __________ blood
A or AB

39. blood cell from a person with Type B blood.
Draw a picture of a
blood cell from a person with Type B blood.
This person could give blood to an individual with type __________ blood
B or AB

40. Tell the molecule found on the surface
Name another blood type you learned about besides the A,B,O system.
Rh (positive and negative)
Tell the molecule found on the surface
of cells which helps cells recognize “self”
and provides blood types
glycoproteins

41. G g G g GG Gg gg The parents in this cross are _____________ 75
Homozygous Heterozygous
Heterozygous G g GG Gg gg
If G is dominant for green pods and g is recessive for yellow pods, what percentage of the offspring will have green pods? _______% 75

42. B b
The genotype of the offspring in the blue box is _______ bb
The offspring in the blue box is
homozygous heterozygous
homozygous

43. Another name for pure is _________________ homozygous
In guinea pigs black fur (B) is dominant over brown fur (b). The Punnett square for a cross between a HETEROZYGOUS black guinea pig and a PURE brown guinea pig would look like B b B b B b B b
This is the
Correct setup
Heterozygous = Bb
Pure brown = bb
Another name for pure is _________________
homozygous

44. A o AA Ao B AB Bo
The alleles for blood type show 2 kinds of inheritance..
The following statements are TRUE or FALSE?
F A & B are codominant
A is dominant over B.
O is dominant over A.
A is dominant over O.
B and A are co-dominant
A is incompletely dominant over O.
O is recessive to A and to B
F O is recessive to both A & B T T F T

45. An organism has the genotype Xy.
What are the possible sperm it can produce?
______ ______
X y
THINK ABOUT IT:
If females have an XX genotype and can only give X genes, which parent is the one that determines whether the baby is a boy or girl?
Father ;
The mother always gives an X
If the father gives a y, it’s a boy.
If the father gives an X; it’s a girl.

46. If you cross a homozygous RED flowered four o’clock plant with a homozygous WHITE flowered plant, ALL of the offspring produced have PINK flowers.
This type of inheritance in which the heterozygote (Rr) shows a blending of traits is called __________.
A. Dominant/recessive inheritance
B. Co-dominance
C. Incomplete dominance
Incomplete dominance

47. Red throats (R) are dominant over white (r) throats in Goonie birds.
R r r
Red throats (R) are dominant over white (r)
throats in Goonie birds.
Make a cross between a PURE RECESSIVE and a HETEROZYGOUS Goonie bird.
Rr rr
Rr rr
50% red throats
50% white throats
What are the possible phenotypes of their offspring?
(% and color)

48. Black eyes (B) are dominant over red eyes (b) in rats.
B b B b
Black eyes (B) are dominant over red eyes (b) in rats.
Make a cross between two HETEROZYGOUS rats.
BB Bb
Bb bb
What are the possible phenotypes of their offspring?
(% and color)
75 % black eyes
25% red eyes

49. The parents in this cross are _____________
Homozygous Heterozygous
Homozygous
If W is dominant for long wings and w is recessive for short wings, what percentage of these offspring will have short wings? _______%
0% only ww makes it short

50. Who is the “Father of Genetics”?
Gregor Mendel
Which of the following genotypes could be from a HETEROZYGOUS organism?
TT Rr Ww bb XX Ss
Rr Ww Ss

51. hybrid What kind of cross is this? Pure dominant X pure recessive
Heterozygous X heterozygous
Heterozygous X homozygous
Hybrid recessive X hybrid pure
Heterozygous X Homozygous
hybrid
Another name for heterozygous is _______________

52. In Reebops curly tails (T) are dominant over straight tails (t).
Make a cross between a HOMOZYGOUS DOMINANT and a HOMOZYGOUS RECESSIVE Reebop.
T T t
Tt Tt
Tt Tt
What is the probability the offspring will have straight tails? 0%
All will be Curly tailed (Tt)

53. What type of gametes can this organism produce?
BbTt
______ ______ _______ _______
BT bt bT Bt
What type of gametes can this organism produce?
BBTT
______ ______ _______ _______
BT BT BT BT

54. TR Tr tR tr TtRr X TtRr Tall = T short = t R= round r=wrinkled
TTRR TTRr TtRR TtRr
TTRr TTrr TtRr Ttrr
TtRR TtRr ttRR ttRr
TtRr Ttrr ttRr ttrr
Tall = T short = t R= round r=wrinkled
seeds seeds

55. How many offspring will be Short AND Round? ______ 3/16
This is an example of a DIHYBRID cross.
Which pattern of phenotypes will be seen in the offspring?
9:3:3:1
How many offspring will be
Short AND Round? ______
Short AND wrinkled? ______
3/16
Recessive and dominant
1/16
Recessive and recessive
HINT: 9- dominant for both 3- recessive and dominant
3- dominant and recessive
1- recessive and recessive

56. What do we call the offspring of the F1 generation?
Which of the following genotypes could be from a HOMOZYGOUS RECESSIVE organism?
TT bb Rr Ww tt XX aa
bb tt aa

57. A a
The genotype of the offspring in the blue box is _______
homozygous heterozygous
heterozygous
How many of the offspring from this cross will show the dominant characteristic?
¾ (75%) – AA and Aa

58. G g GG Gg gg Green pods G is dominant for green pods.
g is recessive for yellow pods.
What is the genotype of the offspring in the shaded box? Gg
What is the phenotype of the offspring in the shaded box?
Green pods

59. Which of the following is NOT TRUE?
Genotype determines phenotype
Alleles are different forms of the same gene.
Genotype is the way the genes
make you look.
Organisms with different genotypes can have the same phenotype. T T F T
Tt and TT both look tall

60. What are the 3 different kinds of inheritance you learned about?
Dominant/recessive
Incomplete dominance
Co-dominance
Offspring of the P1 generation are called
______ F1

61. What are the possible offspring of a cross between a blood type AB mom and a type O dad?
Ao Bo
Ao Bo
What are the probable blood types of the offspring?
50% Type A
50% Type B

62. Which of the following crosses would you expect to see a 9:3:3:1 ratio in the offspring?
SSYY X ssyy
SsYy X SsYy
ssYY X SSyy
SsYy X SsYy
9:3:3:1 ratio is seen in dihybrid crosses

63. Purple (P)is the dominant color for monsters. Yellow is recessive (p).
Make a cross between a HOMOZYGOUS purple and a yellow monster.
P P p
Pp Pp
What will the offspring be like?
(% and color)
100% purple

64. What genotype would a PURPLE dad have to be to make a yellow monster baby with a Purple (Pp) mom monster? P p ? pp Pp
Dad needs to have: a little p to give one to the baby
a big P to be purple himself

65. o Ao Ao Wilma and Fred are going to have a baby.
Fred in AA and Wilma is oo.
What are the possible blood types of their baby?
A A o
Ao Ao
100% will have A type blood

66. o Ao Ao Wilma and Fred are going to have a baby.
Fred in AA and Wilma is oo.
What are the possible blood types of their baby?
A A o
Ao Ao
100% will have A type blood

67. What type of gametes can this organism produce?
RrTt
______ ______ _______ _______
RT rt rT Rt
What type of gametes can this organism produce?
WwGg
______ ______ _______ _______
WG wg wG Wg

68. Dominant Dominant Recessive Recessive
FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE WORDS
Dominant OR Recessive
In a DIHYBRID HETEROZYGOUS cross the offspring that are
9/16 are _______________ for both traits.
3/16 are _____________ for one trait and
_____________ for the other.
1/16 are _____________ for both traits.
Dominant
Dominant
Recessive
Recessive

69. 3 3 9 T = Tall R = red t = short r = white In this cross: TtRr X TtRt
What is the probability the offspring will be:
Tall AND white? ____/16
Short AND red? ____/16
Tall AND red? ___/16
Short AND white? ___/16 3 3 9 1

70. 1 3 3 T = Tall Y = yellow peas t = short y = green peas
In this cross: TtYy X TtYy
What is the probability the offspring will be:
short AND green? ____/16
Short AND yellow? ____/16
Tall AND green? ___/16
tall AND yellow? ___/16 1 3 3 9

71. 16 Y = yellow peas R = red flowers y = green peas r = white flowers
In this cross: YYRR X yyRR
Be careful!
What is the probability the offspring will be:
Yellow peas AND white flowers? ____/16
Green peas AND red flowers? ____/16
Yellow peas AND red flowers? ___/16
Green peas AND white flowers? ___/16 16