3. 1. Who is named the “Father of Genetics?” 2. Why did he use pea plants?

4. 1. Who is named the “Father of Genetics?” Gregor Mendel 2. Why did he use pea plants? To study the inheritance of traits

5. What do pure bred, true breeding, and homozygous mean?

6. All mean the same thing… Both alleles are either capitals or lower case. AA or aa

7. What do hybrid and heterozygous mean?

8. Actually mean the same thing… A a 2 Alleles are different

9. What do we call the offspring when you cross two pure “true” breeding parents with different traits? GG x gg

10. All HYBRID (Gg) offspring result What do we call the offspring when you cross two pure “true” breeding parents with different traits?

11. Offspring of two parents (P) are called ____. TT x tt “P” generation 4 Tt “?” generation

12. Offspring of two parents (P) are called ____. TT x tt “P” Generation 4 Tt “F1” Generation

13. What results when the offspring (F1) of true breeding parents self-pollinate (breed with themselves)? TT x tt (P) Tt (F1) Tt x Tf (F1 x F1) ? Hint: Do a Punnett Square!!!

14. Genotype Ratio: 1 RR: 2 Rr: 1 rr Phenotype Ratio: 3 Round: 1 Wrinkled Tt TTTTt tTTTt What results when the offspring Tt (F1) of true breeding parents self-pollinate (breed with themselves)? Tt x Tt

15. What is probability? What is the probability of getting heads when you flip a penny?

16. Probability= The chance of something happening! Chance of getting heads ½ or 50%

17. Why did we keep increasing the number of flips in the “Coin Toss” lab?

18. More times you flip a penny, the more likely you are to get the “expected” outcome (probability). ½ heads, ½ tails

19. If you toss a coin 6 times in a row, what is the probability it will land heads for all 6 tosses?

20. ½ x ½ x ½ x ½ x ½ x ½ 1/64 If you toss a coin 6 times in a row, what is the probability it will land heads for all 6 tosses?

21. What is the “Principle of Independent Assortment?”

22. During gamete formation, genes for different traits separate without influencing the other. Foil each parent to get 4 gametes G g Y y GY Gy gY gy

23. Be able to define: Compete Dominance Incomplete Dominance Co-Dominance

24. Complete Dominance The dominant trait (G) masks (hides) the recessive trait (g) and only the dominant trait shows up in the phenotype. Incomplete Dominance Neither trait is dominant over the other and a new trait is displayed. BLENDING!!! Red flowers crossed with white flowers make pink flowers. Co-Dominance Both traits are equally displayed and neither is dominant over the other. ABO blood types: A blood x B blood = AB blood

25. Describe the genotypes and phenotypes of each blood type: Type A Type B Type AB Type O

26. Describe the genotypes and phenotypes of each blood type: AB has same Genotype & Phenotype Co-Dominance

27. What are polygenic traits?

28. Traits that have a wide variety of color ranges such as eye color, hair color, skin color and height.

29. How many different gametes would you get from the following parent? A A B b C c D d E E F F G g H h

30. First determine how many different letters are there for each letter type then multiply ! A A B b C c D d E E F F G g H h 1 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 1 x 1 x 2 x 2 = 32 gametes How many different gametes?

31. Can this parent AaBBccDdeeFfGgHH have a child with the following genotype? Why or why not? A A B b C c D d E E F F G g H h

32. Can this parent AaBBccDdeeFfGgHH have a child with the following genotype? Why or why not? NO, because the parent would need to have a big E in their genotype in order for the child to have both big E’s. A A B b C c D d E E F F G g H h

33. What process forms the sex cells in females and males? 4 Sperm are produced 1 Egg and 3 polar bodies are produced Female Male

34. The paired, Homologous Chromosomes come together during Meiosis I to make Tetrads The chromatids pull apart during Meiosis I I 4 genetically different cells result at the end of Meiosis Haploid = one set of chromosomes Know the stages of Meiosis (I & II)

35. When does crossing over occur during Meiosis? Why is this important?

36. During Prophase I Important for GENETIC DIVERSITY!! Crossing Over

37. What are the chromosome pairs for a … FEMALE? MALE?

38. What are the chromosome pairs for a … FEMALE MALE XX XY

39. What is this picture called? What 4 things are shown from this picture?

40. What is this called? Karyotype Shows: Autosomes = all chromosomes # 1 - 22 chromosome pairs (not sex chromosomes) Sex Chromosomes XX= female or XY= male (# 23 pair) Homologous Chromosomes = chromosomes that code for the same traits and pair up with each other Inherited Disorders (ex: Down’s, Turner’s, Kleinfelter’s, Super males/Super females)

41. What is non-disjunction?

42. Non-disjunction –When chromosome pairs don’t separate properly during Meiosis I Can involve all chromosomes (sex, autosomes, homologous)

43. What chromosomal disorder is shown?

44. Down’s Syndrome (Trisomy 21)

45. What chromosomal disorder is shown?

46. XXY Kleinfelter’s Syndrome

47. What chromosomal disorder is shown?

48. XO Turner’s Syndrome

49. Who determines the sex of the offspring Mother or Father ? Why? What is probability of getting a girl? A boy?

50. Father determines sex of offspring Father provides either an X or a Y to pair up with the mother’s X to make a boy or girl 50% chance of Boy XY 50% chance of Girl XX

51. What is this picture called and shows? What do each of the shapes and shading combinations represent? How many generations are shown?

52. Pedigree Chart Shows how a trait is passed from one generation to the next Shows male or female Shows “no trait” “carries trait” or “has trait” 4 Generations shown Normal Male Normal Female Female with Trait Carrier Female Male with Trait Line = Marriage

53. Be able to describe the differences between: Meiosis and Mitosis Be able to describe the advantages and disadvantages between: Asexual and Sexual Reproduction

54. MitosisMeiosis Somatic Cells – All body cells Sex Cells – Gametes (sperm and egg) 2 cells are made: Identical4 cells are made: All different Diploid “2N”Haploid “N” Asexual ReproductionSexual Reproduction Advantages  No mate needed for reproduction  Very fast reproduction time  Lots of organisms Advantages  GENETIC DIVERSITY! Disadvantages  All organisms are alike, No Genetic Diversity Disadvantages  Need a mate for reproduction  Slower reproduction time  Fewer organisms MUST KNOW ALL OF THIS INFORMATION!!!!! MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS

55. Know the term Sex-linked genes/traits and how the key and Punnett square would look. What chromosome carries these types of traits? XBXb XBXbXbXb YXBYXbY XBXb x XbY female carrier x male colorblind Phenotypes: 1 Female/Carrier 1 Female/Colorblind 1 Male/Normal 1 Male/Colorblind ? ?

56. Know the term Sex-linked genes/traits and how the key and Punnett square would look. What chromosome carries these types of traits? XBXb XBXbXbXb YXBYXbY XBXb x XbY Carrier Female x Male Colorblind Phenotypes: 1 Female/Carrier 1 Female/Colorblind 1 Male/Normal 1 Male/Colorblind Sex-linked traits only carried on X Y doesn’t carry traits! Sex-linked gene/trait – Traits linked to sex chromosomes such as hemophilia or colorblindness

57. Know the definitions of the following vocabulary terms: Allele Gametes Genes Genetics Karyotype Pedigree Probability Punnett Square

58. Allele- Different forms of a gene Gametes- Sex Cells (egg & sperm) Gene- Part of a chromosome; codes for a trait Genetics- Study of how traits are passed generation to generation Karyotype- Picture of all paired chromosomes - looking for sex and the presence of abnormal # of chromosomes Pedigree- Chart that shows passing of trait from one generation to the next generation Probability - Chance of something happening Punnett Square- Chart showing possible offspring from a parent cross.

59. Know the definitions of the following vocabulary terms: Dominant Recessive Genotype Phenotype Heterozygous Homozygous Trait Homologous

60. Dominant – Gene whose effect masks the partner (recessive) trait Recessive – Gene whose effect is masked by partner (dominant) trait Genotype – Genetic makeup; gene type Phenotype – Trait expressed “physical” looks Heterozygous – Pair of different alleles (Rr) Homozygous – Pair of same kind of alleles (RR) (rr) Trait – Inherited characteristic (feature) Homologous – Pair of same kind of chromosomes

61. Know the definitions of the following vocabulary terms: Co-dominance Incomplete dominance Diploid Haploid Independent Assortment Non-disjunction Segregation

62. Co-dominance – Both alleles expressed EQUALLY Incomplete dominance – Blending of traits Diploid – Having 2 sets of chromosomes Haploid – Having 1 set of chromosomes Independent Assortment – Genes that separate have no effect on the other’s inheritance Non-disjunction – When chromosomes don’t separate Segregation – Separation of alleles

63. Understand which is the P, F1, F2 generations and how you get each.

64. Know how to do the following types of crosses: Monohybrid Cross Dihybrid Cross Incomplete Dominance Cross Sex-linked Cross Must show: key, parents’ genotypes, possible gametes, Punnett square, genotypes and phenotypes of offspring

65. Doing the different types of Punnett Squares! Complete Dominance Di-Hybrid Cross Incomplete Dominance Sex-Linked Cross