Psychoanalytic Theories A theory of personality, and a form of therapeutic intervention based on principle of psychic determinism: “nothing happens by chance” Freud Jung

The Johari Window

Freud: Structure of Personality Id: Primitive part of the mind, repository of drives, major goal is “gratification” Superego: judge or critic (divided into conscience and ego-ideal) Ego: mediates between superego and id Eros: the “life” instinct Thanatos: the “death” instinct

Behaviour Shaped by ego attempting to reconcile id and super-ego When ego has difficulty, it produces a series of defenses aimed at providing protection and gratification simultaneously Ego-defenses = unconscious manipulation of reality

Ego Defences Repression: bar from consciousness the id impulse Denial: blocking external events from awareness Asceticism: renunciation of all pleasures Reaction Formation: “over-reacting” Isolation: somatizing emotions

Ego Defences Intellectualization: stripping emotion from difficult or threatening impulse Displacement: redirection of an impulse to a safe substitute Projection: attribute undesirable wishes to some other person Regression: return to a less mature form

Ego Defences Sublimation: transforming unacceptable impulse into a productive, socially acceptable form “What unconscious protection or gratification does this client get from [insert medical condition here]”

Developmental Context (Freud) Oral Stage: 0-18 months Anal Stage: 18 months - 3 years Phallic Stage: 3-6 years Latency 7-11 years Oedipal Phase/Electra Complex

Application of Psychoanalytic Theory Free Association (no intervention) Resistance Transference Counter-transference Goal of any therapeutic alliance is to make the unconscious, conscious

Jung’s Theory of Personality Ego: the conscious mind Personal Unconscious: no instincts Collective Unconscious: “psychic inheritance” of the human species

Archetypes of the Collective Unconscious The Mother Mana: spiritual connectedness Shadow: drive concerned with survival and reproduction Persona: projection of self in public space Syzygy: consists of Anima and Animus

Dynamics of the Psyche Principle of Opposites Principle of Equivalence Principle of Entropy Synchronicity

Strengths/Limitations - it’s probably true - it works in difficult cases - highlights importance of sexuality Limitations: - over-emphasizes psyche, can be paralyzing - more theoretical than practical?

Applications in practice Free association: provide reason for active listening Avoid “medicalizing” all problems Patient is author of his/her own “life script” E-ducat = “to lead out of darkness” Role of health professional is not content download, but assist to self-discovery