Mr. Ermer World History Miami Beach Senior High

  Scientists and Mathematicians begin to investigate the world around them  Thinkers of the time believe Math, as the language of the universe, can unlock the door to knowledge  Ptolemaic Universe was a model which put Earth at the center—geocentric  Copernicus argues for a heliocentric universe  Kepler proves Copernicus correct New Ideas

  Math teacher, first European to use a telescope to observe the stars and planets  Proves stars are not just “balls of pure light”  Galileo gets in trouble with the Catholic Church, most scientists agree w/ Galileo  Galileo had set out to explain motion in the universe, never finds answer  Another scientist, Newton, does… Galileo Galilei

Galileo

  Newton attends Cambridge University  Professor of Mathematics  Writes Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (Principia), describes three laws of motion:  Universal law of gravitation: all objects in the universe are attracted to one another by gravity  Proves that one mathematically proven law can explain all motion in the universe.  Establishes the idea that the universe works according to a set of laws Isaac Newton

Sir Isaac Newton

  Rene Descartes, takes the new view of the universe, and creates new view of humanity  Develops a philosophy that stays until 20 th Cen.  Begins by “forgetting” everything he’s learned, comes up with new ideas from scratch  Accepted only things proved by reason  Separation of mind and matter  Rationalism, based on belief that reason is chief source of knowledge  Francis Bacon: Scientific Method/Inductive Reason Philosophy and Reason

  18 th Century philosophical movement of intellectuals impressed by Scientific Rev  Centered around “reason”, or using Scientific Method to understand all life, to improve life  Isaac Newton and John Locke= inspiration  John Locke argues that humans are born with blank minds, we learn through our senses perceiving the world around us.  Change the surroundings, change the person/society  Attempts to find “natural laws of politics”  Montesquieu attempts to establish a science of politics to encourage liberty and stability  Cesare Baccaria argues against capital punishment, and for stronger police force  Voltaire The Enlightenment

 Enlightened Intellectuals

  Adam Smith, wrote The Wealth of Nations (1776), considered founder of social sciences together with Physiocrats  Laissez-faire : “to let do” the government should let business do what it wants, and government should only do three things:  Protect its people from invasion (army)  Protect its people from each other (police)  Build/maintain infrastructure (roads, canals) that are too expensive for the private sector  Theory of Progress  Belief that advances in natural science would lead to greater knowledge of human affairs and lead to prosperity, peace, and liberty  Subject society to rational analysis and replace religious values with secular values arrived at by reason rather than revelation Economics

  Rich people know how to read, and do  Learn a lot through reading various works  Magazines and newspapers rise  London most famous for these new publications  Salon: great rooms in homes of rich Europeans where they can talk and share ideas, information and news  Intellectuals known as “philosophes” encourage the use of reason Reading and Sharing Ideas

  Deism  God as watchmaker  Many new ideas attack Christianity  Many Europeans still very Christian  95% of Catholics go to Easter mass  Many Protestant churches, controlled by the states, lacked the same religious enthusiasm  New Protestant movements arise  John Wesley, creates Methodist Church  Becomes big movement in England, ends slave trade, brings English middle and lower class together into a community of believers Religion and the Enlightenment

  On page 279, write and answer questions 1-6 Chapter 15, Lesson 2