Psychological Theories on Intelligence

Defining INTELLIGENCE: a general term referring to the ability or abilities involved in learning an adaptive behavior Psychologists define intelligence: A collection of mental abilities including verbal, problem solving and practical intelligence. Layman definition: Same as psychologists but also ADD social competence (interacting well, being open minded) +

Charles Spearman’s Theory Intelligence is like a well or spring. If you are good in one area, you will be good in all areas. “nature” view Very narrow minded view of intelligence.

L.L. Thurstone’s Theory 7 distinct kinds of mental abilities: Spatial Perceptual speed Numerical ability Verbal meaning Memory Word fluency Reasoning. These abilities are independent of one another, but it is assumed that if you are strong in one area you are strong in all areas. All seven = general intelligence

J.P. Guilford’s Theory All mental ability involves one of 5 operations Evaluation Convergent thinking Divergent thinking Memory Cognition Use these operations on some type of content to result in some type of product. These result in up to 120 different kinds of mental activities that define intelligence.

Robert Sternberg Alice: (Componential Intelligence) Ability to learn how to do things and carry out tasks. Celia: (Contextual Intelligence) Capitalize on strengths and compensate for weaknesses. Seek situations that match their skills. Barbara: (Experiential Intelligence) Ability to adjust to new tasks, adapt creatively and gain insight. LEFT BRAIN BOTH RIGHT BRAIN

R.B. Cattell Crystalized Intelligence Fluid Intelligence Reasoning Verbal Numerical skills “school knowledge” Essentially, LEFT BRAIN Fluid Intelligence Spatial and visual imagery Ability to notice visual details Essentially, RIGHT BRAIN

EVERYONE’S SMART! JUST FIND YOUR STRENGTH! Howard Gardner EVERYONE’S SMART! JUST FIND YOUR STRENGTH! Separate areas of intelligence Logical Mathematical: problem solving, math skills Spatial: ability to imagine relative location, artistic Musical: gift for music, rhythms, beats Body Kinesthetic: great with sports, dance, coordination, learn best through movement Interpersonal: able to communicate well among groups, motivate people, lead Intrapersonal: understands self, knows how to obtain goals, personal reflection Linguistic: excels in verbal and language skills Naturalistic: understands nature, prefers being outside, categorizes things

Which PICTURE matches with the theorist? Sternberg Thurstone Cattell Gardner Guilford Spearman

Your opinion? Which theory or theories do you find most credible in defining intelligence? Why?

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